“The Artist as Curator: Diego Velázquez, 1623-1660” reconsiders the career of Diego Velázquez at the court of Hapsburg king Philip IV as a major episode in the history of curatorial practice. By this it means to examine the ways Velázquez’s activities as a painter and his activities as curator of the Hapsburg art collection transformed each other. Velázquez’s paintings express ambitions and attitudes towards his predecessors that would motivate Velázquez’s reorganization of parts of the royal collection that included their works. In turn, the collection and display of paintings in royal exhibition sites would cultivate in Velázquez a knowledge of art and its history that would inform the paintings he produced at court. Velázquez was a singularly art-historical painter, many of whose works investigate the nature of art itself. This dissertation seeks to prove that these aspects of Velázquez’s work were cultivated in the early modern museum that was the Alcázar palace, where he was surrounded by a veritable history of art under the Hapsburgs. The dissertation has five chapters; each closely examines a significant project in Velázquez’s trajectory as artist-curator at the Hapsburg court. The first uses the first major installation that Velázquez would witness at the Hapsburg court to set up the problematic of the dissertation as a whole - namely, that meaning was made on the walls of galleries, and that if Velázquez was going to make his name at court, it would be by engaging the royal art collection as it appeared on gallery walls. The second investigates Velázquez’s first curatorial project, the redecoration of the Octagonal Room; it argued that Velázquez’s interest in art itself—an interest characteristic of his painting practice—found a new medium in his work as curator of this gallery. The third chapter reexamines The Rokeby Venus as a function of what Velázquez witnessed over the course of the assembly of the Vaults of Titian, where paintings of nudes were exhibited all together; it thus demonstrates the impact of the royal art collection and its display on his creative imagination as a painter. The fourth chapter considers the culminating curatorial project of Velázquez’s career—the redecoration of the Hall of Mirrors—in tandem with the suite of paintings he made for it—the painting cycle including Mercury and Argus, examining the ways that these two projects mutually informed one another. The final chapter proposes that Las Meninas again evidences Velázquez’s curatorial and painterly imaginations at work simultaneously; then it uses the painting as a point of entry into the reception of both of these aspects of Velázquez’s work at the Hapsburg court, arguing that to make art after Velázquez was to acknowledge both. All together, these chapters tell the story of Velázquez’s increasing engagement with the royal art collection, from the start of his career at the Hapsburg court through his legacy beyond it.

The taste for all things Spanish that swept France in the 1860s had profound, if misunderstood, effects on modern French and Spanish art. French artists were fascinated by both the perceived exoticism of contemporary Spain as well as the newly popular paragons of its art historical past. The lessons of Velázquez and Goya, in prevailing accounts of modernism, were learned best by avant-garde artists like Édouard Manet (1832–1883), whom a contemporary critic went so far as to call the “Spaniard of Paris.” My dissertation contends, instead, with the other Spaniards of Paris, successful expatriate artists who worked between the French capital, Rome, and Madrid. These artists, led by Mariano Fortuny (1838–1874), considered themselves the rightful interpreters of the Spanish tradition. I argue that Fortuny and his circle shrewdly positioned their work in relation to French ideas about Spanish art, both avant-garde and conservative, as well as Spain’s developing national art historical narratives, even though they often lived beyond their nation’s borders. I demonstrate that these artists, whose seemingly unassuming genre paintings were undergirded by a pronounced but hitherto unexamined nationalism, sought to shape the Spanish art historical tradition; present themselves as its inheritors; and influence the collecting of Spanish art, especially in the United States, in the final third of the nineteenth century.