Inaug.-diss.--Tech. hochschule Karlsruhe. / "Sonder-abdruck aus dem 'Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich deutschen archäologischen instituts, ' b. IV, 1889."

La thèse porte sur l’étude de vingt mobiliers funéraire provenant des nécropoles oenôtres de Palinuro et Rivello, datées du dernier quart du VIe siècle. Le deux sites se placent dans le Golfe de Policastro, un territoire qui connaît un peuplement tardif et particulier. La position stratégique des sites oenôtres développe un riche réseau d’échanges avec les Grecs.Toutefois, Après la chute de Sybaris on assiste à une rapide décline des ces communautés, et on enregistre un vide documentaire jusqu’à la fin du Ve siècle. Le but de la recherche a été de donner une réponse aux rapports entre Grecs et Indigènes ainsi que à ce vide documentaire. A côte de l’analyse des mobiliers funéraires, la recherche s’est enrichie d’une étude topographique du Golfe et de la cité d’Elée, ainsi que de l’analyse des sources historiques, notamment la tradition autour Palinure. Cette triple approche a donné un cadre exhaustif de la région entre la fin de l’archaïsme et le début du Ve siècle. L’analyse des mobiliers a souligné, d’abord, l’adoption du coutume du banquet par les communauté de Palinuro et Rivello ainsi qu’un rôle important dans le réseau d’échanges avec les Grecs. L’analyse des mobiliers de Palinuro, en outre, a permis de baisser la chronologie de l’établissement au 480-460 av. J-C. Les sites du Golfe jouent un rôle de médiation du dit « empire » sybarite et ils bénéficient d’une certain autonomie, comme démontré par les émissions monétaires et les épigraphe en langue oenôtre. Les données acquises, pourtant, témoignent la vitalité du Golfe avant et après la chute de la cité achéenne. / My Phd’s research concerns the study of twenty burial goods dated of Archaic period and located in Palinuro and Rivello, in Southern Italy. These two sites are placed in the Gulf of Policastro, an area populated during the last Greek colonization. The strategic position of the Oinotrians sites developed a rich commercial network with the Greek cities. However, after the Sybaris’ fall, the Oenotrians communities begin to disappear and the archaeological quests reveal no data until the end of he Vth century. The aim of the research was to give an answer to the rapports between Greeks and Indigenous, as well as to the lack of data that characterizes the most part of Vth century. In addition to the burial goods analysis, the research extended on a topographical study of the Gulf and of the city of Elea as well as the study of the historical sources, especially about Palinuro’s tradition. The triple approach gave a complete context of the region between the end of archaic period and the beginning of Vth century. First of all, the grave goods are indicators of a society influenced by the Greek banquet customs. Moreover, the study about the Palinuro’s burial goods allowed lowering chronology around 480-460 b.C. This datum reduced the lack of finds between the Sybaris’ fall and the beginning of the so-called “lucanisation”. The Gulf sites play a mediator role of the Sybaris’ empire and they benefit from a certain autonomy, as revealed by the presence of Achaean-eight coins links and epigraphs in oinotrian language. The research reveals the Gulf of Policastro as a vivid region with a certain autonomy, who continues its life even after the fall of Sybaris.

This thesis is focused on the chromosome-number studies in alveolate alga C. velia. This Apicomplexa-related photosynthetic organism proved to be a unique instrument for the study of Apicomplexa and their unique organelle apicoplast. To better understand the similarities and differences within these two phyla, a further chromosome analysis was needed. The first part of this thesis sums up the present knowledge about ploidy, life cycle and genome organization within C. velia and the close-relative phyla of Apicomplexa and Dinoflagellata. The second part describes our attempt to examine the ploidy and total number of chromosomes in C. velia using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The ploidy of C. velia was successfully determined and we also made a significant progress in the determination of the total chromosome number. (max. 4000 znaků)

This diploma thesis is devoted to the spermatogenesis of long living water bug species ?water cricket (Velia caprai). Spermatogenesis of nymphs of the fifth instaru, adults of defined age (from 1 up to 60 days after the ecdysis) and also the adults caught in the field of unknown age before - and after the hibernation were studied by histological methods. It was discovered that spermatogenesis of this species is in progress continuously. Even the nymphs of the 5th instar already had spermatids presented and the adult males disposed of spermatozoans just one day after the ecdysis. The presence of all the spermatogenesis cell types (spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms) was confirmed in the case of male adults of various age ? younger after ecdysis as well as older including males after hibernation. Semiaquatic bug Velia caprai has not typical testes in comparison with most of Insects. They are formed by just one testicular follicle which is wider than longer. The follicle´s top is not distinctly formed; the germanium is located in the middle of the follicle´s wider part which is across from the testicle´s orifice to vas deferens. This anomalous position of germarium represents the original apex of testicular follicle in this species.

This thesis presents results of the histological study of oogenesis in the nymphs of 5th instar, variously aged adult females of known age and adult females of Velia caprai ((Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae) of unknown age that were collected in the field. Oogonia in the germarium and the first oocytes that are forming in previtellarium were observed in the nymphs of the 5th instar. Their vitellarium is empty. The first vitellogenetic oocytes appear in vitellarium of ovarioles at 7 days old adult females. Oocytes in advanced stage of vitellogenesis were observed at 25 days old adult females. The secretion of chorion starts at 42 days old adult females. Advanced stage of oogenesis (fully chorionated eggs) was found at 60 days old adult females, at adult females collected in the field, during the period September ? November (2009), and at adult females after overwintering. Females of Velia caprai reach sexual maturity before overwintering, their eggs can be fertilized by spermatozoa from own spermatheca. These females can lay eggs from autumn to the spring. After reaching sexual maturity of adult females, oogenesis of this species seems to be continual.

Since its description in 2008, Chromera velia has drawn profound interest as the closest free-­-living photosynthetic relative of apicomplexan parasites that are significant pathogens, causing enormous health and economic problems. There-­- fore, this newly described species holds a great potential to understand evolu-­- tionary basis of how photosynthetic algae evolved into the fully pathogenic Apicomplexa and how their common ancestors may have lived before they evolved into obligate parasites. Hence, the aim of this work is to understand how C. velia function and respond to different environmental conditions. This study aims to reveal how C. velia is able to respond to environmental perturbations that are applied individually and simultaneously since, studying stress factors in separation fails to elucidate complex responses to multi stress factors and un-­- derstanding the systemic regulation of involved genes. To extract biologically significant information and to identify genes involved in various physiological processes under variety of environmental conditions (i.e. a combination of vary-­- ing temperatures, iron availability, and salinity in the growth medium) we pre-­- pared strand specific RNA-­-seq libraries for 83 samples in diverse environmental conditions. Here, we report the set of significantly differentially expressed genes as a re-­- sponse to the each condition and their combinations. Several interesting up-­- regulated and down-­-regulated genes were found and their functions and in-­- volved pathways were studied. We showed that the profound regulation of HSP20 proteins is significant under stress conditions and hypothesized that the-­- se proteins might be involved in their movements.

Nonphotochemical quenching is an important protective mechanism of photosynthetic proteins against excessive irradiation. In this work, isolation of native light harvesting antennae from alga Chromera velia was optimized using methods of sucrose density centrifugation, isoelectric focusing, ion exchange chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Moreover, the ability of light harvesting antennae to trigger nonphotochemical quenching was studied in vivo and in vitro.

A life cycle of many known algae is influenced by the circadian clock. It seems probable that also Chromera velia, the closest known photosynthetic relative to Apicomplexa, uses circadian oscillator. We tested, if fluctuating of zoospore?s abundance is driven by the circadian clock. This rhythm is stable even in the constant light condition. Furthermore, three cryptochrome genes, involved in circadian rhythms, were sequenced and consequently phylogenetically investigated. Two of them were classified as CRY-DASH, the third is CRY-DASH-like. The rhythmicity of CRY-DASH expression in C. velia was also investigated. The level of expression was also tested under constant light and dark condition. It was suggested that expression of these genes is associated with the circadian oscillator. This is the first study of the circadian clock in C. velia.

Recently, the cold resistance becomes a common topic in scientific articles. If we focus on order Heteroptera, we can find a lot of studies dealing with the cold resistance or with the supercooling point (SCP) and also with the factors that influence them. According to the general rule, the acclimation at low temperatures increases the cold resistance. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to find out, whether the acclimation also increases the cold resistance of the water cricket Velia caprai Tamanini, 1947 (Veliidae), with the intention to measure SCP of the water crickets depending on the acclimation temperature and the length of exposure. Due to the high mortality (the 284 individuals remained alive of total 1300) and due to the technical difficulties in measuring of SCP (measured only 36 individuals) it was necessary to modify the original goal of the thesis. The new goal was to test the influence of acclimation (during one month vs. one week) and the influence of different temperatures (0°C, 5°C, 10°C) on SCP of V. caprai. The individuals used for this measurement were collected during the year 2010 and in March 2011. The results of this thesis did not confirm the hypothesis that the acclimation at low temperatures increases the cold resistance. The individuals who were acclimated at a higher temperature have the values of SCP demonstrably lower than the individuals who were acclimated at low temperatures. The individuals who overwinter for the first time have arguably higher cold resistance than the individuals who overwinter for the second time. Probable cause of these results is the fact that the water cricket V. caprai does not start with diapause in the fall but it overwinters in quiescence.