Ziel der Dissertation ist, die Bereitstellung positiver Minutenreserve durch dezentrale Klein-KWK-Anlagen unter technischen, wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Gesichtspunkten zu bewerten. Die Grundlage einer solchen Bewertung bilden detaillierte Kenntnisse des Abrufverhaltens positiver Minutenreserve. Deshalb wird die Inanspruchnahme positiver Minutenreserve untersucht und als stochastischer Prozess modelliert. Auf dieser Basis erfolgen Betrachtungen zur Dimensionierung der Wärmespeicher, zum Netzbetrieb mit hoher Dichte dezentraler Klein-KWK-Anlagen und zur Wirtschaftlichkeit eines solchen Konzeptes. Die abschließende ganzheitliche Betrachtung liefert Hinweise zur optimalen Betriebsweise der Klein-KWK-Anlagen. / From the technical point of view, virtual power plants consisting of small decentralized co-generation plants are able to provide positive tertiary reserve power for the European electricity transmission grid. For serious analyses, detailed knowledge about the load-characteristic of called reserve power is essentially. In order to examine grid operation, heat storage capacity and optimized power plant operation, the switch-on times of co-generation plants and the co-generated heat during reserve power provision have to be estimated. Aiming this, the called positive tertiary reserve power in Germany is analyzed and a mathematical model of the call-characteristic is synthesized. Furthermore, the results of examining grid operation, optimizing heat storage capacity and power plant operation are given. Calls of positive tertiary reserve power usually occur suddenly, non-scheduled and jumpy. Sometimes, there are single calls. Usually, calls occur clustered, i.e. one call is directly followed by further calls. Positive reserve power is much higher frequented under peak-load conditions than under base-load conditions. The characteristic of calling positive tertiary reserve power deeply depends on the control area. From the mathematical point of view, a Poisson-process fits non-scheduled and jumpy occurring events. Each jump marks a call date of positive tertiary reserve power. The values of the called power fit a logarithmical normal distribution. The lengths of the call-clusters satisfactorily fit a geometrical distribution. The expected value of called reserve energy is modeled dependent from the time of the day. The model is essential for simulating all combinations of switch-on times of co-generation plants and of co-generated heat volumes that might occur during providing reserve power. Aiming to optimize the installed heat storage capacity, the quote of heat use has to be examined. From both technical and ecological point of view, installing large heat storages is desirable in order to use all co-generated heat. From the economical point of view, installing any heat storage is not sensible. The solution of this trade-off is installing a heat storage that guarantees less or equal CO2-emissions than a conventional power plant fired with natural gas. The results of this thesis lead to 1 kWh heat storage capacity per 1 kW installed electrical power as rule of thumb. Concerning grid operation in steady state, a much higher density of co-generation plants than expected is technically installable. A general rule for extending the installable decentralized power cannot be deducted. Examining economics, decentalized co-genertation plants are desired to provide balancing power during their stand-by times. Building a virtual power plant only in order to provide reserve power is not economically sensible. From the power plant owners' view, providing positive tertiary reserve power by small decentralized co-generation plants is generally sustainable.

Ziel der Dissertation ist, die Bereitstellung positiver Minutenreserve durch dezentrale Klein-KWK-Anlagen unter technischen, wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Gesichtspunkten zu bewerten. Die Grundlage einer solchen Bewertung bilden detaillierte Kenntnisse des Abrufverhaltens positiver Minutenreserve. Deshalb wird die Inanspruchnahme positiver Minutenreserve untersucht und als stochastischer Prozess modelliert. Auf dieser Basis erfolgen Betrachtungen zur Dimensionierung der Wärmespeicher, zum Netzbetrieb mit hoher Dichte dezentraler Klein-KWK-Anlagen und zur Wirtschaftlichkeit eines solchen Konzeptes. Die abschließende ganzheitliche Betrachtung liefert Hinweise zur optimalen Betriebsweise der Klein-KWK-Anlagen. / From the technical point of view, virtual power plants consisting of small decentralized co-generation plants are able to provide positive tertiary reserve power for the European electricity transmission grid. For serious analyses, detailed knowledge about the load-characteristic of called reserve power is essentially. In order to examine grid operation, heat storage capacity and optimized power plant operation, the switch-on times of co-generation plants and the co-generated heat during reserve power provision have to be estimated. Aiming this, the called positive tertiary reserve power in Germany is analyzed and a mathematical model of the call-characteristic is synthesized. Furthermore, the results of examining grid operation, optimizing heat storage capacity and power plant operation are given. Calls of positive tertiary reserve power usually occur suddenly, non-scheduled and jumpy. Sometimes, there are single calls. Usually, calls occur clustered, i.e. one call is directly followed by further calls. Positive reserve power is much higher frequented under peak-load conditions than under base-load conditions. The characteristic of calling positive tertiary reserve power deeply depends on the control area. From the mathematical point of view, a Poisson-process fits non-scheduled and jumpy occurring events. Each jump marks a call date of positive tertiary reserve power. The values of the called power fit a logarithmical normal distribution. The lengths of the call-clusters satisfactorily fit a geometrical distribution. The expected value of called reserve energy is modeled dependent from the time of the day. The model is essential for simulating all combinations of switch-on times of co-generation plants and of co-generated heat volumes that might occur during providing reserve power. Aiming to optimize the installed heat storage capacity, the quote of heat use has to be examined. From both technical and ecological point of view, installing large heat storages is desirable in order to use all co-generated heat. From the economical point of view, installing any heat storage is not sensible. The solution of this trade-off is installing a heat storage that guarantees less or equal CO2-emissions than a conventional power plant fired with natural gas. The results of this thesis lead to 1 kWh heat storage capacity per 1 kW installed electrical power as rule of thumb. Concerning grid operation in steady state, a much higher density of co-generation plants than expected is technically installable. A general rule for extending the installable decentralized power cannot be deducted. Examining economics, decentalized co-genertation plants are desired to provide balancing power during their stand-by times. Building a virtual power plant only in order to provide reserve power is not economically sensible. From the power plant owners' view, providing positive tertiary reserve power by small decentralized co-generation plants is generally sustainable.