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Enabling tissue perfusion through natural and engineered self-assembled networksLammers, Alex A. 18 January 2024 (has links)
Over the past three decades, the field of tissue engineering has witnessed significant advancements. However, a persistent challenge is the development of an approach to generate rapidly perfused vascular networks at scale to support engineered tissues of appreciable size and able to adapt to changing needs. Current techniques able to create perfusable channels such as 3D printing are resource intensive and have not overcome the inherent tradeoff between vessel resolution and assembly time, limiting their utility and scalability for engineering tissues. Here we present two sacrificial self-assembly techniques that collectively develop microvascular networks and can anastomose to a variety of engineered forms. The first is vasculogenic cellular self-assembly, which leverages the innate ability of endothelial and sacrificial support cells to spontaneously form a capillary network, which we term CAMEO, or Controlled Apoptosis in Multicellular Tissues for Engineered Organogenesis. By varying the removal timing of the support cells, we determine fibroblasts are necessary for the initial vascular morphogenesis in our engineered system, and that this initial support period is sufficient for the endothelial cells to form a perfusable vasculogenic network and enhance the function of primary hepatocyte aggregates. The second is a flexible and scalable technique we term SPAN – Sacrificial Percolation of Anisotropic Networks. It uses microvascular-scale sacrificial fibers that make contacts to span a volume above a percolation density threshold and are then degraded. The resulting interconnected anisotropic voids form a perfusable fluidic network within minutes. We show that SPAN relieves hypoxia compared to bulk gels only, and the resulting voids created by SPAN can be endothelialized in a scalable way. These simple platforms can generate conduits with length scales spanning arterioles to capillaries within constructs. We show that both techniques can be used in combination with common tissue engineering processes, paving the way for rapid assembly of adaptable and perfusable tissues. / 2026-01-17T00:00:00Z
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Quantitative investigation of transport and lymphatic uptake of biotherapeutics through three-dimensional physics-based computational modelingDingding Han (16044854) 07 June 2023 (has links)
<p>Subcutaneous administration has become a common approach for drug delivery of biotherapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, which is achieved mainly by absorption through the lymphatic system. This dissertation focuses on the computational modeling of the fluid flow and solute transport in the skin tissue and the quantitative investigation of lymphatic uptake. First, the various mechanisms governing drug transport and lymphatic uptake of biotherapeutics through subcutaneous injection are investigated quantitatively through high-fidelity numerical simulations, including lymphatic drainage, blood perfusion, binding, and metabolism. The tissue is modeled as a homogeneous porous medium using both a single-layered domain and a multi-layered domain, which includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue), and muscle layers. A systematic parameter study is conducted to understand the roles of different properties of the tissue in terms of permeability, porosity, and vascular permeability. The role of binding and metabolism on drug absorption is studied by varying the binding parameters for different macromolecules after coupling the transport equation with a pharmacokinetic equation. The interstitial pressure plays an essential role in regulating the absorption of unbound drug proteins during the injection, while the binding and metabolism of drug molecules reduce the total free drugs. </p>
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<p>The lymphatic vessel network is essential to achieve the functions of the lymphatic system. Thus, the drug transport and lymphatic uptake through a three-dimensional hybrid discrete-continuum vessel network in the skin tissue are investigated through high-fidelity numerical simulations. The explicit heterogeneous vessel network is embedded into the continuum model to investigate the role of explicit heterogeneous vessel network in drug transport and absorption. The solute transport across the vessel wall is investigated under various transport conditions. The diffusion of the drug solutes through the explicit vessel wall affects the drug absorption after the injection, while the convection under large interstitial pressure dominates the drug absorption during the injection. The effect of diffusion cannot be captured by the previously developed continuum model. Furthermore, the effects of injection volume and depth on the lymphatic uptake are investigated in a multi-layered domain. The injection volume significantly affects lymphatic uptake through the heterogeneous vessel network, while the injection depth has little influence. At last, the binding and metabolism of drug molecules are studied to bridge the simulation to the experimentally measured drug clearance. </p>
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<p>Convective transport of drug solutes in biological tissues is regulated by the interstitial fluid pressure, which plays a crucial role in drug absorption into the lymphatic system through the subcutaneous (SC) injection. An approximate continuum poroelasticity model is developed to simulate the pressure evolution in the soft porous tissue during an SC injection. This poroelastic model mimics the deformation of the tissue by introducing the time variation of the interstitial fluid pressure. The advantage of this method lies in its computational time efficiency and simplicity, and it can accurately model the relaxation of pressure. The interstitial fluid pressure obtained using the proposed model is validated against both the analytical and the numerical solution of the poroelastic tissue model. The decreasing elasticity elongates the relaxation time of pressure, and the sensitivity of pressure relaxation to elasticity decreases with the hydraulic permeability, while the increasing porosity and permeability due to deformation alleviate the high pressure. </p>
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<p>At last, an improved Kedem-Katchalsky model is developed to study solute transport across the lymphatic vessel network, including convection and diffusion in the multi-layered poroelastic tissue with a hybrid discrete-continuum vessel network embedded inside. The effect of different drug solutes with different Stokes radii and different structures of the lymphatic vessel network, such as fractal trees and Voronoi structure, on the lymphatic uptake is investigated. The drug solute with a small size has a larger partition coefficient and diffusivity across the openings of the lymphatic vessel wall, which favors drug absorption. The Voronoi structure is found to be more efficient in lymphatic uptake. </p>
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<p>The systematic and quantitative investigation of subcutaneous absorption based on high-fidelity numerical simulations can provide guidance on the optimization of drug delivery systems and is valuable for the translation of bioavailability from the pre-clinical species to humans. We provide a novel approach to studying the diffusion and convection of drug molecules into the lymphatic system by developing the hybrid discrete-continuum vessel network. The study of the solute transport across the discrete lymphatic vessel walls further improves our understanding of lymphatic uptake. The novel and time-efficient computational model for solute transport across the lymphatic vasculature connects the microscopic properties of the lymphatic vessel membrane to macroscopic drug absorption. The comprehensive hybrid vessel network model developed here can be further used to improve our understanding of the diseases caused by the disturbed lymphatic system, such as lymphedema, and provide insights into the treatment of diseases caused by the malfunction of lymphatics.</p>
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