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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Modèles précliniques de schwannomes vestibulaires pour l'évaluation d’une stratégie de réduction de dose d’irradiation par combinaison avec des thérapies ciblées / Preclinical models of vestibular schwannomas for the evaluation of radiation dose reduction in combination with targeted therapies

Bonne, Nicolas-Xavier 31 October 2018 (has links)
Contexte : Le schwannome vestibulaire (SV) est une tumeur bénigne de la gaine du nerf vestibulaire. La plupart des SV présentent une inactivation somatique bi-allèlique du gène suppresseur de tumeur NF2. L’inactivation congénitale du gène NF2 est impliquée dans le développement de la Neurofibromatose de type 2, une maladie génétique autosomique dominante prédisposant au développement de tumeurs multiples du système nerveux central et en particulier de schwannomes vestibulaires bilatéraux. Le traitement des schwannomes vestibulaires repose sur la chirurgie ou la radiothérapie délivrée en conditions stéréotaxiques. La réduction de la dose d’irradiation des schwannomes vestibulaires a permis d’améliorer le pronostic fonctionnel auditif tout en garantissant un taux de réponse satisfaisant. Pourtant de nombreux patients présenteront une surdité neurosensorielle progressive. Afin de poursuivre cette réduction de dose d’irradiation, des modèles biologiques fidèles récapitulant le statut d’inactivation du gène NF2 et la surdité neurosensorielle sont nécessaires à l’élaboration d’une approche préclinique.Problématique : Nous avons proposé de développer des systèmes modèles in-vitro et in-vivo compatibles avec l’étude de la radiosensibilité des schwannomes vestibulaires en combinaison avec des thérapies ciblant les voies de signalisation spécifiquement activées par la perte de fonction NF2.Méthodes : Les lignées cellulaires humaines de schwannomes vestibulaires NF2 (HEI_193, HEI_182), et de cellules de Schwann vestibulaire contrôle (HEI_286) ont été cultivées en essai clonogénique afin de déterminer le nombre d’unité formatrices de colonies à doses croissantes d’inhibiteur mTOR (Rapamycine), PI3K (GDC_0941), mTOR et PI3K (BEZ_235) pour déterminer le 50% d’inhibition de croissance (GI50%) puis en combinaison à doses croissantes de radiation gamma (Co60). La lignée cellulaire murine inactivée pour nf2 (SC4#9) a été utilisée pour réaliser des greffes syngéniques orthotopiques. La croissance des tumeurs a été suivie par IRM et bioluminescence et l’audition déterminée par potentiels évoqués auditifs. L’analyse histologique des cochlées a été réalisée par coloration en hématoxyline et éosine puis par fluorescence après clarification cochléaire. Des volumes complets ont été obtenus par microscopie confocale à balayage laser.Résultats : Les essais clonogéniques réalisés en Agarose ont identifié une radiorésistance relative des lignées humaines de schwannomes mutées pour NF2 par comparaison au contrôle humain non muté. Cette résistance identifiée en réponse à l’exposition à une dose unique d’irradiation gamma peut être contournée par l’inhibition de la voie mTOR au moment de l’irradiation restituant une sensibilité comparable au contrôle humain non muté. Une tendance à un bénéfice de l’association d’une inhibition mTOR à un inhibiteur PI3 kinase a été retrouvée à une dose maximum d’irradiation. Un modèle murin de schwannome vestibulaire qui récapitule la croissance dans l’angle ponto-cérébelleux et la perte d’audition a été développé par injection stéréotaxique dans le paquet acoustico faciale. Le suivi de croissance de ce schwannome a été caractérisé par IRM et bio-luminescence in-vivo. Enfin un protocole de clarification cochléaire a été adapté aux mammifères murins pour permettre l’étude histologique de cochlées intactes compatible avec l’étude de l’otoxicité des schwannomes et/ou de leur traitement .Conclusion : Les modèles décrits dans cette thèse permettent l’évaluation pré-clinique de stratégies thérapeutiques combinant thérapie ciblée et irradiation gamma en dose unique. L’amélioration des connaissances des mécanismes participant à l’ototoxicité des schwannomes et de leur traitement permettra d’améliorer le ciblage moléculaire afin de réduire les effets auditifs secondaires de la radiochirurgie. / Context: Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign neoplasm arising from the Schwann cells of the vestibular nerve. Most of sporadic VS carry a bi-allelic inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene NF2. Congenital inactivation of the NF2 gene is linked to the onset of Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a genetic condition predisposing to the development of multiple benign tumor of the central nervous system with bilateral VS as a hallmark. Treatment of VS is either surgical or by use of radiation therapy delivered in stereotactic condition. A significant dose reduction has led to improving the hearing outcomes while maintaining good tumor control. Meanwhile a significant number of treated patients will develop a progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Laboratory models that faithfully recapitulate NF2 gene inactivation and SNHL are needed to pursue the reduction of the dose delivered.Aim: We aimed at developing new models in-vitro and in-vivo for the study of vestibular schwannoma radio sensitivity in combination with selected compounds that selectively target the pathways activated secondary to NF2 loss of function.Methodes: Human vestibular schwannoma cell lines (HEI_193, HEI_182) and control human Schwann cell line (HEI_286) were used in clonogenic assay to determine the number of colony forming unit (CFU) spontaneously and at increasing dosing of mTOR inhibitor (Rapamycin), PI3 kinase inhibitor (GDC_0941), PI3K-mTOR dual inhibitor (BEZ_235) to determine the 50% growth inhibitory threshold (GI50%) then in combination with increasing radiation regimen of gamma radiation emitted by a source of Co60. The mouse cell line inactivated for nf2 (SC4#9) was used to generate orthotropic syngrafts. The growth of the tumor was monitored using MRI and bioluminescence imaging and hearing was tested by recording auditory brainstem responses. Pathology of the cochlea were obtained from paraffin embedded sections and then using fluorescence confocal microscopy of whole mounted transparent cochleae.Results: Soft agar clonogenic assays were used and identified a resistance to radiation therapy in human cell lines of VS inactivated for NF2 when compared to the non-mutated control. This radiation resistance could be overcome by pre-exposure to the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin allowing a return to the radiosensibility of non-mutated control. There was a tendency toward a beneficial effect when using a dual inhibition of the mTOR and PI3 kinase at a maximum dose of exposure to radiation. A mouse model of VS has been developed by stereotactic seeding of nf2 deficient cell line SC4#9 targeting the cochleo-vestibular nerve complex. It recapitulates the growth in the suitable micro-environment and secondary SNHL. The growth has been characterized using MRI and in-vivo bioluminescence imaging. Hearing loss was confirmed using sequential ABR. Last a protocol for the clarification of whole mounted cochleae has been adapted to species of rodents suitable for the pathological study of ototoxic change secondary to VS and/or its treatment.Conclusion: The models presented in this thesis may be used for the preclinical evaluation of combined therapeutic approaches with single dose gamma radiation. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in ototoxicity secondary to VS and of its treatment would improve the molecular targeting in order to warrant better auditory outcomes.
2

Assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of high resolution PET for the imaging of cancer in the head

Anton-Rodriguez, Jose January 2018 (has links)
Introduction: In Positron Emission Tomography (PET), the use of resolution modelling (RM) in iterative image reconstruction enables the modelling of aspects of detection which result in mispositioning of measured data and the subsequent blurring of reconstructed images. RM reconstruction can result in significant improvements in spatial resolution, voxel variance and count rate bias and could be a software alternative to detection hardware that is able to achieve higher resolution. Such hardware typically consists of small scintillation crystals, small bore diameters and depth of interaction discrimination, such as for the High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, Siemens), which used a double crystal layer phoswich detector system. However, RM implementation comes with penalties such as slower rates of convergence, potentially higher region of interest variance and Gibbs artefacts. Methods: Assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of RM was done in the first part of this thesis together with the measurement and modelling of spatially varying resolution kernels for different scanner configurations and PET isotopes for the HRRT. It is also unclear as to whether high resolution scanning offers significant advantages over clinical PET-CT scanners for applications in the head. Through direct comparison to our HRRT, we explore whether there are significant advantages of high resolution scanning for an application in the head over clinical PET-CT. For this comparison our Biograph TruePoint TrueV (Siemens) optimised for whole body imaging was used and a novel clinical study using both scanners was set where we scanned Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and [18F]fluorothymidine (FLT). The clinical objective was to assess if uptake within VS of FLT and FDG could be measured and whether this uptake was predictive of tumour growth. Finally an assessment of the feasibility and impact of reducing the original injected activities in our clinical study was performed using bootstrapping resampling. Conclusions: RM provides greater but additive improvements in image resolution compared to DOI on the HRRT. Isotope specific image based RM could be estimated from published positron range distributions and measurements using fluorine-18. With the clinical project, uptake of FDG and FLT within the VS lesions was observed, these uptake values were correlated to each other, and high uptake was predictive of tumour growth with little differences in predictive power between FLT and FDG. Although there were benefits of the HRRT for imaging small lesions, in our clinical application there was little difference between the two scanners to discriminate lesion growth. Using the PET-CT scanner data and knowledge of lesion location, doses could be reduced to 5-10% without any significant loss of ability to discriminate lesion growth.

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