by Winnie Yeo. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-256). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Clinical Sciences) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-156). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Orientador: Jorg Kobarg / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rui_Edmilson_D.pdf: 2734113 bytes, checksum: fe1cd8f79cba161393315108c9b5eef8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A hepatite B constitui um grave problema de saúde pública. Dados epidemiológicos estimam que aproximadamente 350 milhões de pessoas são portadores do vírus da hepatite B (HBV). Admite-se que a infecção evolui para a cura em média 95% dos casos, entretanto nos portadores crônicos a infecção pode evoluir para cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC). Há um crescente acúmulo de evidências que relaciona a proteína HBx do HBV ao desenvolvimento do HCC. A maioria dos estudos sobre a função da proteína HBx sugere que ela é uma proteína reguladora de funções pleiotrópicas com a capacidade de induzir o crescimento tumoral. Isso é possivelmente devido à sua capacidade de interagir com uma vasta gama de proteínas celulares. No presente estudo investigamos os aspectos moleculares da estrutura e função da proteína HBx e os resultados foram contextualizados no processo de transformação celular. Observamos pela primeira vez a capacidade da proteína HBx em se ligar ao RNA contendo seqüências ricas em adenina e uracila (AU), que são presentes em alguns proto-oncogenes como c-myc e c-fos. A geração de proteínas truncadas permitiu mapear a região de interação entre HBx e RNA. Realizamos ensaios de mutação sítio-dirigida em HBx e substituímos todas as cisteínas por serinas. Nossos resultados sugerem que as cisteínas na proteína HBx são de menor importância para a sua interação com o RNA e com as proteínas humanas p53 e RXR. Descobrimos ainda uma nova proteína humana que interage com HBx: E4F. Este fator de transcrição humano está relacionado com o controle do ciclo celular, com a segregação cromossômica e com a embriogênese. Ensaios em leveduras e in vitro mostraram que HBx selvagem, bem como as suas formas mutadas, foram capazes de interagir e regular a função de E4F, indicando um possível novo mecanismo para a transformação celular e a regulação da transcrição viral, uma vez que E4F exibiu uma capacidade de interagir com a região ¿enhancer II¿ do genoma do HBV / Abstract: Viral hepatitis is an important global public health problem. Epidemiological data show that worldwide 350 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus. About 95% of the infections cure spontaneously, but the chronically infected patients may develop liver cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A large body of evidence points to the viral onco-protein HBx as the principal cause for the cellular transformation. The majority of studies on HBx function suggest that it is a regulatory protein with pleiotropic functions and its capacity to induce tumor growth may be due to its ability to interact with a diverse array of cellular proteins. In the present study we investigated molecular and structural aspects of the function of the HBx protein in order to be able to shed light on the process of cellular transformation. We were able to demonstrate that HBx protein has the ability to bind to an AU-rich RNA sequences present in the mRNAs of certain proto-oncogenes such as c-myc and c-fos. The generation of truncated proteins allowed to map the region of interaction of HBx with the RNA. Furthermore, we performed site directed mutagenesis studies of HBx protein and substituted all of its cysteine residues with serines. Our data suggest that the cysteine residues in the HBx protein are of minor importance for its interaction with RNA, p53 and RXR proteins. Finally, we discovered in E4F a new human interacting protein partner for the HBx protein. The transcription factor E4F has been functionally implicated in the control of the cell cycle, the chromosomal segregation and embriogenesis. In studies using the yeast we further showed that wild-type HBx, as well as its mutated forms, can physically interact with the E4F protein and regulate its function. This indicates a possible new mechanism of cellular transformation and the regulation of the viral transcription, since the human protein E4F demonstrated the capacity to bind to the enhancer II region of the HBV genome / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

L'avènement de la trithérapie dès le milieu des années 90 combinées aux mesures de prévention a permis de minimiser les nouvelles contaminations au VIH-1 en plus de reconsidérer l'infection comme une pathologie chronique n'engageant plus le pronostic vital. Cependant, de nombreuses contraintes persistent; la méconnaissance du statut sérologique et l'accès limité ou inexistant à la médication et à la prévention pour certaines populations engendrent encore plus d'un million de nouvelles contaminations et autant de morts chaque année. En outre, les effets secondaires des traitements ainsi que le poids social de vivre avec le virus demeurent problématiques et démontrent la nécessité de poursuivre les efforts de recherche vers une guérison totale du VIH-1. Néanmoins, cet objectif est encore hors de notre portée. En effet, et ce malgré une charge virale indétectable, l'arrêt des traitements entraîne inexorablement une reprise de la propagation virale. La persistance du VIH-1 serait la conséquence de l'établissement précoce de réservoirs viraux anatomiques et cellulaires dans lesquels le virus se réplique à bas bruit ou demeure dans un état latent. Cette latence cellulaire est caractérisée par une présence du génome viral intégré au génome cellulaire, mais ne produisant pas de particules virales. Cette particularité confère aux cellules dites latentes une protection face aux effets toxiques associés à la production virale, ainsi qu'un moyen d'échapper à leur propre élimination parle système immunitaire de l'hôte. Dotées d'une longue durée de vie, ces cellules latentes sont considérées comme les principaux responsables de la reprise de l'infection lors de l'arrêt de la médication. La réactivation de la production virale des cellules latentes permettrait, en théorie, de lever leurs protections menant ainsi à leur élimination. Appelée "shock and kill", cette stratégie, combinée aux traitements pour limiter la propagation virale, représente un atout majeur dans l'éradication du VIH-1. Afin de réactiver la production virale dans les cellules latentes, de nombreuses molécules dénommées agents réactivateurs de la latence (LRA) sont à l'étude depuis plus d'une décennie. Cependant, les agents actuellement étudiés sont non discriminants et l'étude de leurs impacts sont majoritairement limités à la population de lymphocytes T CD4⁺, première population cellulaire identifiée comme infectée de façon latente. L'implication d'autres sous-populations cellulaires, dont notamment les macrophages, dans l'établissement et la progression de l'infection est pourtant avérée. En effet, il est admis que ces cellules contribuent à la formation des réservoirs viraux, la latence virale y étant fortement soupçonnée. La problématique des effets des LRA sur cette sous population cellulaire est ainsi cruciale. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à étudier l'impact de 3 classes différentes de LRA sur la physiologie des macrophages, leur sensibilité à l'infection par le VIH-1 et leur production virale. Nos résultats ont montré que le traitement des macrophages primaires humains avec certains LRA n'est pas toxique, mais que ces agents sont à même de moduler le transcriptome et le sécrétome de ces cellules. La bryostatine-1, un activateur de la voie PKC, est par exemple associée à des augmentations importantes de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires tels CCL2, CCL5, l'IL-8 et le TNF. Les autres LRA testés induisent des modulations mineures de ces médiateurs alors que cette sécrétion est absente chez les lymphocytes T CD4⁺. De plus, les effets des LRA sur les fonctions physiologiques des macrophages sont minimes, à l'exception d'une diminution de l'efferocytose pour la romidepsine et de l'endocytose dépendante de la transferrine pour la bryostatine-1. La stimulation des macrophages avec les deux molécules précédentes diminue fortement l'expression des récepteurs de surface CCR5 et CD4. Ces modulations sont associées à la diminution de l'infection des macrophages parle VIH-1 sous la dépendance de la modulation de CD4 pour la bryostatine-1 et par l'augmentation de l'activité antivirale de SAMHD1 pour la romidepsine. Le traitement des macrophages infectés aux LRA n'entraîne pas d'augmentation de la transcription ou de la production virale. Néanmoins et de façon surprenante, la bryostatine-1 est associée à une diminution importante de la détection des protéines matures du gène viral codant pour gag sans modulation de leurs précurseurs, et ce, uniquement dans les cellules myéloïdes. Cette étude suggère ainsi que l'impact des LRA diffère selon le type cellulaire, démontrant la nécessité d'étudier les différentes cibles du virus lors des stratégies de cures. / The advent of cART in the mid-1990s combined with preventive measures made it possible to minimize new HIV-1 infections and to reconsider this infection as a chronic no longer life-threatening pathology. However, the constraints remain numerous; the ignorance of the serological status and the limited or nonexistent access to medication and prevention for certain population generates even more than a million of new infections and deaths each year. In addition, the side effects of the treatments and the social burden of living with the virus remain problematic and demonstrate the need to continue research efforts towards a complete cure for HIV-1. However, this concept is still beyond our reach. Indeed, despite an undetectable viral load, treatment interruption ultimately leads to a rebound of viral spread. HIV-1 persistence is believed to be the result of the early establishment of anatomical and cellular viral reservoirs in which the virus replicates at low noise or remains in a latent state. This HIV-1 latency is characterized by an integration of the viral genome into the cell genome without production of viral particles. This peculiarity gives so-called latent cells protection against the toxic effects associated with viral production as well as escaping elimination by the host's immune system. With a long lifespan, these latent cells are considered to be the main culprit in the resumption of infection after medication's termination. The reactivation of the viral production of these latent cells would, in theory, make it possible to lift their protections thus leading to their elimination. Called "shock and kill", this strategy, combined with therapeutic treatments to limit viral spread, represents a major asset in the eradication of HIV-1. To reactivate viral production in latent cells, many molecules known as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been under study for more than a decade. However, agents currently studied are non-discriminating and their impacts is mainly limited to the population of CD4⁺ T cells, the first cell population identified as latently infected. Yet, the involvement of many cell populations, including macrophages, in the establishment and progression of the infection is acknowledged. In addition, these cells participate to the HIV-1 reservoirs establishment and are highly suspected to harbor latency. Thus, the problematic of LRAs' effect on this cell population arises. The work presented in this thesis aims to monitor the impact of 3 different classes of LRAs on the physiology of macrophages, their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and their viral production. Our results have shown that the treatment of primary human macrophages with some LRAs are not toxic but are able to modulate the transcriptome and secretome of these cells. Bryostatin-1, an activator of the PKC pathway, is for example associated with significant increases in proinflammatory mediators such as CCL2, CCL5, IL-8 and TNF. The other LRAs tested induce minor modulations of these mediators while this secretion is absent in CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. Moreover, physiologic features were mostly unchanged by treatment with the studied LRAs except for a downregulation of efferocytosis for romidepsin and transferrin dependent endocytosis for bryostatin-1. Treatment of macrophages with these agents reduces the surface expression of CD4 and CCR5 receptors on macrophages. These modulations were associated with an impairment in HIV-1 infection which relies on CD4 downregulation for bryostatin-1 and SAMHD1 antiviral activity upregulation for romidepsin. Treatment of HIV-1-infected macrophages with LRAs does not increase neither transcription nor viral production. However, and surprisingly, bryostatin-1 is associated with a significant decrease in the production of mature Gag proteins while their precursor level remained unchanged, a mechanism which seemed specific to the myeloid cell lineage. Hence, this study suggests that the impact of LRAs differ depending on the cell type, emphasizing the need to study the different targets of the virus during treatment strategies.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Abstract available online via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-223).

Avian leukosis virus (ALV)-induced osteopetrosis is a proliferative disorder of the bone affecting the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts. Osteopetrosis is a polyclonal disease in which cells of the bone contain, on average, multiple viral DNA copies. Osteopetrotic bone is also characterized by the accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA, suggesting an atypical life cycle of the virus in the infected osteoblasts. To better understand virus-host interactions in the induction of osteopetrosis by ALVs, infected chick osteoblast cultures and osteopetrotic bone were examined for aspects of the virus life cycle and effects of infection on osteoblast function. Levels of infection and virus expression were compared in cultured osteoblasts and osteopetrotic bone. Osteopetrotic bone contained higher levels of viral DNA and correspondingly higher levels of viral proteins than infected osteoblast cultures, suggesting a higher viral load in the diseased bone. A significant level of mature Gag protein was present in the bone, suggesting the accumulation of mature virus particles in the diseased bone. It is possible that the accumulation of virus could facilitate the high levels of infection observed in the diseased bone. The mechanism by which unintegrated viral DNA persisted in osteopetrotic bone was investigated by examining the susceptibility of infected osteoblasts to superinfection. The results indicated that, in culture, infected osteoblasts were able to establish interference to superinfection. This suggests that the persistence of unintegrated viral DNA in osteopetrotic bone may not result from the continuing infection of productively infected osteoblasts. The effect of virus infection on osteoblast function was examined in the diseased bone and in osteoblast cultures. In infected chickens, osteoblast activity, as evidenced by the expression of osteoblast phenotypic markers, was increased only in chickens developing severe osteopetrosis. In culture, virus infection had no apparent effect on either the proliferation or differentiation of osteoblasts. This indicates that infection was itself not sufficient to perturb osteoblast function. Furthermore, it suggested that additional components of the bone may be required for ALV infection to induce the abnormal activity of osteoblasts observed in osteopetrosis.