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Experimental transplacental transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus in miceAndersen, Arthur Allan, January 1969 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
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Profile of mortality amongst women with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in relation to HIV non-infected women.Budhram, Samantha. January 2008 (has links)
OBJECTIVES: To determine if women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection with severe degrees of immunosuppression are more predisposed to mortality from Gestational Trophoblastic Disease compared with HIV-infected women with less severe degrees of immunosuppression and Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) non-infected women. DESIGN: Retrospective review of case records. METHOD: A retrospective review was performed on all patients with Gestational Trophoblastic from 2003 to July 2007. A chart review was conducted and information captured on a data sheet. This retrospective audit was performed at the combined gynaecology oncology clinic of Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital. All information was kept confidential and was strictly for the purposes of the audit. STATISTICS: Factors associated with mortality were tested using Fisher's exact test. Odds ratios were reported as a measure of the strength of association. Breslow-Day's test for homogeneity in odds ratios was used to compare mortality in HIV-infected and HIV non-infected women. The analysis was done using Stata 9. i RESULTS: A total of 78 patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease were reviewed. There were 53 patients with invasive molar pregnancy and 25 patients with choriocarcinoma. The HIV sero-prevalence was 31%. There were 15 deaths (19%). There were 8 HIV-infected (33%o) and 7 HIV non-infected (13%) women who demised. Of the 8 patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/ uL, 7 patients demised. There were no mortalities amongst patients with CD4 counts more than 200 cells/uL. Of the 15 deaths, 5 HIV-infected patients and 5 HIV non-infected patients received chemotherapy. There were 5 patients admitted in very poor general condition precluding the administration of chemotherapy. Amongst the 10 patients who received chemotherapy and demised, the causes of death included widespread disease, multiorgan failure and toxicity due to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: The overall survival of all patients managed with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease was 82% in keeping with the expected high survival reported elsewhere. The majority of patients who demised were admitted in poor general condition and had abnormal blood profiles. Despite resuscitation, these patients failed to improve precluding the administration of chemotherapy which is the mainstay of treatment. Although the numbers are small, there is clear evidence that if patients are HIV-infected with CD4 counts 200 cells/uL despite transient grade 2 myelotoxicity. / Thesis (MMed)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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Réponse des lymphocytes B lors de l'infection primaire au cytomégalovirus humain pendant la grossesse / B-cell response in primary human cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancyDauby, Nicolas 28 April 2015 (has links)
L'infection par le cytomégalovirus humain (HCMV) est une cause majeure de mortalité chez les patients immunodéprimés et représente la première cause d'infection congénitale. HCMV est un virus complexe qui s'est adapté au système immunitaire humain en développant de multiples mécanismes d'évasion. L'infection primaire à HCMV est associée à une réplication virale prolongée avant l'établissement de la latence. Il a été montré que cette intense réplication lors de la phase initiale de l'infection était associée à une épuisement fonctionnel des lymphocytes T CD4 spécifiques du virus. Alors que les anticorps jouent un rôle dans la limitation de la dissémination virale et la prévention de l'infection à HCMV, les réponses des lymphocytes B sont peu caractérisées. Dans le présent travail, nous avons étudié l'impact de l'infection à HCMV sur le phénotype et la fonctionnalité des sous-populations de LB du sang circulant chez une cohorte de femme enceintes avec une primo-infection par HCMV en utilisant comme contrôles des sujets sains séropositifs et séronégatifs pour HCMV ainsi que des femmes enceintes séronégatives. Nous montrons que l'infection primaire par HCMV induit une expansion significative et prolongée de deux sous-populations de LB :les LB mémoires activés (CD27+CD21low) et mémoires atypiques (CD27-CD21low), précédemment décrites lors d'infection chroniques. Les LB mémoires atypiques démontrent des signes d'épuisement fonctionnel comme en témoigne une expression élevée de récepteurs inhibant le BCR et une moindre réponse à la stimulation in vitro mesurée par la production de TNF-α. Les expansions de ces deux sous-populations sont corrélées entre elles et liées à la virémie. Ces résultats contribuent à la compréhension de la régulation des réponses des LB lors d'infections virales, en montrant que l'épuisement fonctionnel de LB, précédemment décrit lors d'infections chroniques, peut également survenir lors d'infections primaires.<p>Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'acquisition des réponses B mémoires spécifiques de HCMV dirigées contre la principale glycoprotéine de surface, la glycoprotéine B (gB), et deux polypeptides du tégument. Lors de l'infection primaire par HCMV, la production d'anticorps neutralisant le virus, dirigés contre les glycoprotéines d'enveloppe, est retardée par rapport aux anticorps dirigés contre le tégument qui sont non neutralisant. Nous montrons que le phénotype des LB mémoires spécifiques de gB est différent de celui des LB mémoires spécifiques du tégument. La majorité des LB mémoires spécifiques de gB exprime un phénotype CD27+CD21+ alors que la majorité de ceux du tégument exprime le phénotype CD27+CD21low. Nous montrons par la suite chez des sujets sains que ces deux sous-populations de LB mémoires présentent des différences phénotypiques, au niveau de l'expression de récepteurs liés au "trafficking" cellulaire ainsi qu'au niveau de la fonctionnalité. Les LB mémoires CD21low, contrairement au LB mémoires CD21high, expriment des taux bas des récepteurs CXCR5 et CCR7, qui permettent la migration vers les centres germinatifs, mais des taux élevés de CD11c promouvant la migration vers les tissus périphériques. Après stimulation in vitro, les LB mémoires CD21low vont avoir une capacité de production d'immunoglobulines immédiate mais une réponse proliférative plus faible comparée aux LB mémoires CD21+. Nous démontrons la relevance de cette division des LB mémoires sur base de l'expression du CD21 dans un modèle de vaccination de rappel contre la toxoïde tétanique (TT). Après rappel, nous observons une expansion significative de LB mémoires spécifiques de la TT exprimant un phénotype CD27+CD21lowCXCR5lowCD11chigh. Nous proposons ainsi un nouveau mécanisme de manipulation des réponses humorales par des pathogènes qui se traduit par une limitation de l'induction de réponses B effectrices. Nos travaux permettraient également une meilleure approche des réponses B mémoires physiologiques chez l'homme en proposant une classification des LB mémoires basées sur leur fonctionnalité et leur phénotype.<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients and is the first cause of congenital infection worldwide. HCMV is a complex virus that has developed multiples immune evasions mechanisms during its co-evolution with mankind. Although often asymptomatic, primary HCMV infection is associated with an intense and prolonged viral replication. It has been previously shown that this intense viral replication is associated with functional exhaustion of virus-specific CD4+ T cells. Although neutralizing antibodies limits viral dissemination and play a role in the prevention of HCMV infection, B cell responses during HCMV infection have been poorly studied so far.<p>In this work, we have studied the impact of HCMV infection on the phenotype and functionality of peripheral-blood B cell subsets in a cohort of pregnant women with a primary HCMV infection. Controls were healthy seronegative and seropositive HCMV donors and HCMV seronegative pregnant women. We show that primary HCMV infection induces a significant and prolonged expansion of two B-cell subsets, previously described in chronic infections :activated memory B cells (MBC) (CD27+CD21low) and atypical MBC (CD27-CD21low). Atypical MBC display signs of functional exhaustion with increased expression of inhibitory receptors and a lower response to in vitro stimulation as assessed by TNF-α production. Expansion of these two subsets are correlated and higher in subjects with detectable viremia. These results contribute to the understanding of the regulation of B cell responses during viral infections and indicate that B cell exhaustion, previously described during chronic infections, can be observed in primary infection.<p>Next, we have characterized the acquisition of HCMV-specific B cell responses directed against envelope glycoprotein B (gB) and two tegument polypeptides (pp150 and pp52). During primary HCMV infection, the production of neutralizing antibodies targeting envelope glycoproteins is delayed when compared to non-neutralizing anti-tegument antibodies. We show that gB and tegument-specific MBC have distinct phenotype during primary HCMV infection. The majority of gB-specific MBC have a CD27+CD21+ phenotype while the majority of tegument-specific MBC have a CD27+CD21low phenotype. We show that CD27+CD21+ and CD27+CD21low MBC express different pattern of chemokine receptors pattern but also have distinct functionality. CD27+CD21low MBC, on the contrary to CD27+CD21+ MBC, express low levels of CXCR5 and CCR7 that favor migration to lymph nodes and germinal centers but express high levels of CD11c that promotes migration to inflammatory tissues.<p>In vitro stimulation of sorted subsets of healthy individuals indicates that CD27+CD21low MBC have higher capacity of immediate immunoglobulin production but a lower proliferative potential as compared to CD27+CD21+ MBC. We further show the relevance of a division of MBC subsets based on CD21 expression in a model of TT booster immunization. Following booster immunization, a significant expansion of TT-specific MBC expressing the phenotype CD27+CD21lowCXCR5lowCD11chigh is observed. <p>We propose that HCMV manipulates the host humoral response by limiting the induction of gB-specific CD27+CD21low "effector" MBC. Our work also indicates that human MBC physiological responses should be studied according to their respective phenotype and functions.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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