Viruses and their morphology have been detected and studied with electron microscopy (EM) since the end of the 1930s. The technique has been vital for the discovery of new viruses and in establishing the virus taxonomy. Today, electron microscopy is an important technique in clinical diagnostics. It both serves as a routine diagnostic technique as well as an essential tool for detecting infectious agents in new and unusual disease outbreaks. The technique does not depend on virus specific targets and can therefore detect any virus present in the sample. New or reemerging viruses can be detected in EM images while being unrecognizable by molecular methods. One problem with diagnostic EM is its high dependency on experts performing the analysis. Another problematic circumstance is that the EM facilities capable of handling the most dangerous pathogens are few, and decreasing in number. This thesis addresses these shortcomings with diagnostic EM by proposing image analysis methods mimicking the actions of an expert operating the microscope. The methods cover strategies for automatic image acquisition, segmentation of possible virus particles, as well as methods for extracting characteristic properties from the particles enabling virus identification. One discriminative property of viruses is their surface morphology or texture in the EM images. Describing texture in digital images is an important part of this thesis. Viruses show up in an arbitrary orientation in the TEM images, making rotation invariant texture description important. Rotation invariance and noise robustness are evaluated for several texture descriptors in the thesis. Three new texture datasets are introduced to facilitate these evaluations. Invariant features and generalization performance in texture recognition are also addressed in a more general context. The work presented in this thesis has been part of the project Panvirshield, aiming for an automatic diagnostic system for viral pathogens using EM. The work is also part of the miniTEM project where a new desktop low-voltage electron microscope is developed with the aspiration to become an easy to use system reaching high levels of automation for clinical tissue sections, viruses and other nano-sized particles.

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Samples of lucerne plants characteristic with local necrosic lesions, leave malformation and yellow spots on leaves were investigated with transmission electron microscopy. Virus particles observed there were filamentous ones of 600 to 700 nm long. Nucleic acid was isolated, transcribed and amplified using PCR. Genus-specific primers were designed based on reverse genetics from the highly conserved genes for carlaviruses, potexviruses and potyviruses. Successful amplification with carlavirus-specific primers, sequencing and comparison with sequences in GenBank database revealed presence of a carlavirus. This was later identified by nucleotide sequence comparison as a new isolate V4 of Alfalfa latent virus. Specific primers for isolate V4 were designed in a coat protein position. Half of the genom of this virus was obtained with PCR and PCR modified amplifications and compared with sequences of Alfalfa latent virus and Pea streak virus from GenBank.

Orientadores: Marcos Antonio Machado, Juliana de Freitas Astúa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:50:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kubo_KarenSumire_D.pdf: 11235043 bytes, checksum: fb3c7d7e7af4e5fc35ef4a27c3364fda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) é o agente causal da leprose dos citros, uma doença incomum transmitida pelo ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis. Uma vez que o CiLV-C permanece confinado em lesões localizadas nas folhas, ramos e frutos sem causar infecção sistêmica, o vetor precisa se alimentar nestas lesões para adquirir o vírus. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os perfis de expressão diferencial entre um genótipo resistente (tangor 'Murcott') e um suscetível (laranja 'Pera') em resposta à leprose dos citros e identificar os possíveis mecanismos de resistência envolvidos na resistência à doença. Por esse motivo, antes da instalação dos experimentos biológicos, nós aperfeiçoamos a detecção do CiLV-C em seu vetor, para certificação da aquisição viral. O experimento biológico incluiu quatro grupos: genótipo resistente ou suscetível infestados com ácaros virulíferos ou avirulíferos para CiLV-C. Com o intuito de se identificar genes diferencialmente expressos, nós utilizamos lâminas de microarranjo com sondas baseadas na base de dados do Citrus EST (CitEST). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por two-way ANOVA considerando os fatores genótipo e a infecção pelo CiLV-C, de maneira a se encontrar respostas envolvidas na resistência ao CiLV-C. Os resultados foram interpretados por Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Os resultados sugerem que existem receptor-like proteins (RLP) e receptor-like kinase (RLK) que podem reconhecer o vírus ou o ácaro, ativando uma resposta de defesa baseada na assinatura de 'Ca POT.2+' e ativação da via do ácido salicílico. Estudos adicionais ainda são necessários para verificar se a resposta de defesa pode estar relacionada à resistência sistêmica adquirida (SAR) / Abstract: Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) is the causal agent of citrus leprosis, an unusual disease transmitted by the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis. Since CiLV-C remains confined in localized lesions in leaves, stems and fruits without causing systemic infection, the vector needs to feed in these lesions to acquire the virus. The aim of this work was to analyze the differential gene expression profiles between resistant ('Murcott' tangor) and susceptible ('Pera' sweet orange) citrus genotypes in response to CiLV-C, and to identify possible mechanisms involved in disease resistance. For this reason, before the biological experiments were set, we improved the detection of CiLV-C in the mite vector to ensure virus acquisition. The biological experiment consisted in four groups: susceptible or resistant genotype infested with CiLV-C viruliferous or nonviruliferous mites. In order to identify differentially expressed genes, we used microarray chips designed using the Citrus EST database (CitEST). The statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA considering the genotype and the infection by CiLV-C, aiming to find defense responses against CiLV-C. The results were interpreted by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and led to the hypothesis that receptor-like proteins (RLP) and receptor-like kinase (RLK) may recognize the virus or the mite triggering a defense response based on 'Ca POT.2+' signature and activation of Salicylic acid pathway (SA). Further studies are necessary to evaluate if the defense response could be related to the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular