No / Advanced IOLs with circumferential zones of different power provide pseudoaccommodation. We investigated the potential for power variation with meridian, namely astigmatism, to provide pseudo-accommodation. With appropriate power and axis orientations, acceptable pseudo-accommodation can be achieved.

No / This is a comprehensive study of a large range of biometric and optical parameters in people with type 1 diabetes. The parameters of 74 people with type 1 diabetes and an age matched control group were assessed. Most of the people with diabetes had low levels of neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. Marginal or no significant differences were found between groups for corneal shape, corneal thickness, pupil size, and pupil decentrations. Relative to the control group, the diabetes group demonstrated smaller anterior chamber depths, more curved lenses, greater lens thickness and lower lens equivalent refractive index. While the optics of diabetic eyes make them appear as older eyes than those of people of the same age without diabetes, the differences did not increase significantly with age. Age-related changes in the optics of the eyes of people with diabetes need not be accelerated if the diabetes is well controlled.

No / Dynamic correction of monochromatic aberrations of the eye is known to affect the accommodation response to a step change in stimulus vergence. We used an adaptive optics system to determine how the temporal location of the correction affects the response. The system consists of a Shack-Hartmann sensor sampling at 20 Hz and a 37-actuator piezoelectric deformable mirror. An extra sensing channel allows for an independent measure of the accommodation level of the eye. The accommodation response of four subjects was measured during a +/- 0.5 D step change in stimulus vergence whilst aberrations were corrected at various time locations. We found that continued correction of aberrations after the step change decreased the gain for disaccommodation, but increased the gain for accommodation. These results could be explained based on the initial lag of accommodation to the stimulus and changes in the level of aberrations before and after the stimulus step change. Future considerations for investigations of the effect of monochromatic aberrations on the dynamic accommodation response are discussed.

Wavefront sensors for measurements on human eyes are usually large, expensive and difficult to move. A compact wavefront sensor would be more cost-effective and versatile as is could be used in multiple systems. The aim of this thesis was to produce a more compact and portable wavefront sensor. A shorter telescope design for the wavefront sensor was proposed and checked theoretically and with computer simulations. An experimental arrangement comparing the proposed telescope design with a conventional telescope design was constructed. A compact wavefront sensor was built using off-the-shelf components and a few modified components. Tests with the compact wavefront sensor were made both on eye models and on human eyes. The compact wavefront sensor correctly measured the refractive errors of two eye models. It was also possible to perform measurements on human eyes, both in the central and peripheral visual fields, and higher order aberrations were confirmed. For positioning human eyes at the correct distance from the wavefront sensor an additional pupil camera was needed, which was not included in the system. Future improvements for the compact wavefront sensor are discussed. / Vågfrontssensorer för mätningar på ögon är ofta mycket stora, dyra och svåra att transportera. En kompakt vågfrontssensor skulle vara kostnadseffektiv och flexibel eftersom den skulle kunna användas i flera olika system. Målet med detta examensarbete var att producera en mer kompakt och transportabel vågfrontssensor. En kortare teleskopvariant föreslogs och analyserades både teoretiskt och med datorsimuleringar. En experimentell uppsättning gjordes också för att jämföra den kortare teleskopdesignen med ett sedvanligt vågfrontssensorteleskop. En kompakt vågfrontssensor byggdes med standardkomponenter samt med några modifierade standardkomponenter. Tester med den kompakta vågfrontssensorn gjordes både på ögonmodeller och mänskliga ögon. Den kompakta vågfrontssensorn gav korrekta mätvärden på brytningsfelen på ögonmodellerna. Det gick bra att genomföra mätningar på mänskliga ögon, både i centrala och perifera synfältet, och högre ordningens aberrationer bekräftades. För att placera mänskliga ögon på korrekt avstånd från vågfrontssensorn krävdes en extra pupillkamera, som inte var inkluderad i den kompakta vågfrontssensorn. Framtida förbättringar för den kompakta vågfrontssensorn diskuteras.

No / Fluctuations in accommodation have been shown to be correlated in the two eyes of the same subject. However, the dynamic correlation of higher-order aberrations in the frequency domain has not been studied previously. A binocular Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is used to measure the ocular wavefront aberrations concurrently in both eyes of six subjects at a sampling rate of 20.5 Hz. Coherence function analysis shows that the inter-ocular correlation between aberrations depends on subject, Zernike mode and frequency. For each subject, the coherence values are generally low across the resolvable frequency range (mean 0.11), indicating poor dynamic correlation between the aberrations of the two eyes. Further analysis showed that phase consistency dominates the coherence values. Monocular and binocular viewing conditions showed similar power spectral density functions.

No / Since the characterization of the eye's monochromatic aberration fluctuations in 2001, the power spectrum has remained the most widely used method for analyzing their dynamics. However, the power spectrum does not capture the complexities of the fluctuations. We measured the monochromatic aberration dynamics of six subjects using a Shack-Hartmann sensor sampling at 21 Hz. We characterized the dynamics using techniques from chaos theory. We found that the attractor embedding dimension for all aberrations, for all subjects, was equal to three. The embedding lag averaged across aberrations and subjects was 0.31 +/- 0.07 s. The Lyapunov exponent of the rms wavefront error was positive for each subject, with an average value of 0.44 +/- 0.15 microm/s. This indicates that the aberration dynamics are chaotic. Implications for future modeling are discussed.

This research is about evaluating vision in the periphery. Peripheral vision is of fundamental importance in the performance of our everyday activities. The aim of this thesis is to develop methods suitable for the evaluation of peripheral vision and to assess how different visual functions vary across the visual field. The results have application both within the field of visual rehabilitation of people with central visual field loss (CFL)and as well as in myopia research. All methods for assessing peripheral vision were implemented with adaptive psychophysical algorithms based on Bayesian statistics. A routine for time-efficient evaluation of peripheral contrast sensitivity was implemented and verified for measurements out to 30° in the visual field. Peripheral vision was evaluated for different properties of the stimuli: sharpness, motion, orientation, and extent. Optical quality was controlled using adaptive optics and/or corrective spectacles specially adapted for the peripheral viewing angle. We found that many peripheral visual functions improved with optical correction, especially in people with CFL. We also found improvements in peripheral contrast sensitivity for low spatial frequencies when stimuli drifted at 5 to 10 Hz; this applies both for people with normal vision and those with CFL. In the periphery, it is easier to see lines that are oriented parallel with respect to the visual field meridian. We have shown that this directional bias is present for both resolution and detection tasks in the periphery, even when the asymmetric optical errors are minimized. For accurate evaluation of peripheral vision, we therefore recommend using gratings that are oriented oblique to the visual  field meridian. The directional bias may have implications in how peripheral image quality affects myopia progression. Another proof that peripheral vision can influence central visual function is the fact that, when the stimulus extent was increased beyond the fovea, the blur in the stimulus was less noticeable. / Denna forskning handlar om att utvärdera synen i periferin. Vår perifera syn är ovärderlig i det dagliga livet. Målsättningen med denna avhandling är dels att utveckla metoder speciellt lämpade för perifer synutvärdering och dels att mäta hur olika synfunktioner varierar över synfältet. Resultaten har tillämpning både inom synrehabilitering för personer med centraltsynfältsbortfall och inom närsynthetsforskning. Adaptiv psykofysisk metodologi baserad på Bayesiansk statistik användes vid all utvärdering av det perifera seendet. Vi implementerade en rutin för tidseffektiv mätning av perifer kontrastkänslighet och verifierade den ut till 30° i synfältet. Den perifera synen utvärderades för olika egenskaper hos objektet: skärpa, rörelse, riktning och utbredning. Skärpan kontrollerades med hjälp av adaptiv optik och/eller glasögonkorrektion speciellt anpassad för den perifera synvinkeln. Vi fann att många periferasynfunktioner förbättras av optisk korrektion, särskilt för personer med centralt synfältsbortfall. Vi hittade även förbättringar i periferkontrastkänslighet för låga ortsfrekvenser när objektet modulerades med hastigheter mellan 5 och 10 Hz, vilket gäller både normalseende och personer med centralt synfältsbortfall. I periferin är det lättare att se linjer som är orienterade parallellt med synfältsmeridianen. Vi har visat att denna riktningsbias gäller både för upplösning och detektion i periferin, även när de asymmetriska optiska felen minimeras. För bästa mätnoggrannhet rekommenderar vi därför att använda randmönster som ligger snett relativt synfältsmeridianen. Denna riktningsbias skulle även kunna påverka hur den perifera bildkvalitén inverkar på utvecklingen av närsynthet. Ytterligare ett bevis för att perifer syn kan påverka den centrala synfunktionen är att, när objektets utbredning ökades, uppfattade personen det som mindre suddigt. / <p>QC 20160826</p>

The eye is our window to the world. Human vision has therefore been extensively studied over the years. However, in-depth studies are often either limited to our central visual field, or, when extended to the periphery, only correct optical errors related to a narrow spectrum of light. This thesis extends the current knowledge by considering the full visible spectrum over a wide visual field. A broad spectrum means that the wavelength dependence of light propagation inside the eye has to be considered; the optics of the eye will therefore not form a retinal image in the same location for all wavelengths, a phenomenon called chromatic aberration. We present here a new methodology to objectively measure the magnitude of transverse chromatic aberration (TCA) across the visual field of the human eye, and show that the ocular TCA increases linearly with off-axis angle (about 0.21 arcmin per degree for the spectral range from 543 nm to 842 nm). Moreover, we have implemented adaptive psychophysical methods to quantify the impact of TCA on central and peripheral vision. We have found that inducing additional TCA degrades peripheral grating detection acuity more than foveal resolution acuity (more than 0.05 logMAR per arcmin of induced TCA peripherally compared to 0.03 logMAR/arcmin foveally). As stimuli to evaluate peripheral vision, we recommend gratings that are obliquely-oriented relative to the visual field meridian. The results of this thesis have clinical relevance for improving peripheral vision and are equally important for retinal imaging techniques. To limit the negative impacts of TCA on vision, inducing additional TCA should be avoided when the peripheral refractive errors are to be corrected, such as for people suffering from macular degeneration and central visual field loss. In retinal imaging applications, TCA leads to lateral offsets when imaging is performed in more than one wavelength. Consequently, the measurement of TCA together with careful pupil alignment and subsequent compensation can improve the functionality of these instruments. / Ögat är vårt fönster mot världen, och syn har mätts och studerats i stor utsträckning över åren. Trots detta är forskningen om mänsklig syn oftast begränsad till det centrala synfältet, och i studier av det perifera synfältet korrigeras optiska fel endast över ett smalt våglängdsområde. Denna avhandling vidgar forskningen om vår syn till att inkludera hela det synliga spektrumet över ett stort synfält. Ett brett spektrum innebär att vi måste ta hänsyn till våglängdsberoendet i ljusets brytning i ögat; ögats optik kan därför inte avbilda ett objekt till samma bildläge på näthinnan för alla våglängder, ett fenomen som kallas kromatisk aberration. Vi presenterar här en ny metod för att mäta mängden transversell kromatisk aberration (TCA) över ögats synfält och visar att ögats TCA ökar linjärt med vinkeln ut i synfältet (ungefär 0,21 bågminuter per grad från 543 nm till 842 nm). Dessutom har vi implementerat adaptiva psykofysiska mätmetoder för att kvantifiera effekten av TCA på central och perifer syn. Våra resultat visar att extra inducerad TCA påverkar den perifera förmågan att upptäcka sinusformade randmönster mer än den centrala förmågan att upplösa motsvarande ränder (mer än 0,05 logMAR per bågminut inducerad TCA i periferin jämfört med 0,03 logMAR/bågminut centralt). Vid utvärdering av perifer syn rekommenderar vi att använda sinusformade randmönster med en sned riktning jämfört med synfältsmeridianen. Resultaten som presenteras i avhandlingen har klinisk betydelse för att förbättra den perifera synen och är även viktiga för tekniker som avbildar ögats näthinna. För att begränsa den negativa effekt TCA har på synen ska man undvika att inducera extra TCA, t.e.x. när ögats perifera refraktiva fel korrigeras med glasögon för människor med makula degeneration och centralt synfältsbortfall. Vid avbildning av näthinnan ger ögats TCA förskjutningar mellan bilder i olika våglängder. Därför kan mätningar av TCA, tillsammans med välkontrollerad linjering av pupillens position och efterföljande kompensation, förbättra funktionen hos dessa instrument. / <p>QC 20160511</p>

Esta tese descreve métodos interativos para estimar e compensar erros de refração (NETRA) e opacidades ópticas (CATRA) em sistemas de imageamento usando telas de campos de luz programáveis, de alta resolução e alto contraste. Os novos métodos para oftalmologia computacional descritos aqui podem avaliar câmeras e olhos se o usuário do sistema estiver consciente do modelo de interação. A solução combina elementos ópticos baratos, interfaces interativas e reconstrução computacional. Uma tela de campos de luz, posicionada perto do olho, cria objetos virtuais em profundidades pré-definidas através de várias seções do olho. Via esta plataforma, cria-se uma nova gama de aplicações interativas que é extremamente sensível a aberrações ópticas. A capacidade de focar em um objeto virtual, alinhar padrões exibidos na tela e detectar suas variações de forma e brilho permite ao sistema estimar a função de propagação de ponto de luz para o olho e a acomodação da lente. Enquanto os sistemas convencionais requerem formação especializada, dispositivos caros, procedimentos de segurança sensíveis e normalmente não são móveis, esta tese simplifica o mecanismo, colocando o paciente no centro do teste. Ao final, a resposta do usuário calcula a condição de refração em termos de poderes esférico e cilíndrico, o eixo de astigmatismo, o poder de acomodação da lente e mapas para a opacidade, atenuação, contraste e função de espalhamento de um ponto de luz. O objetivo é permitir que o público em geral opere um sistema de iluminação portátil e obtenha uma compreensão de suas próprias condições visuais. Esta tese apresenta projetos ópticos para software e hardware para oftalmologia computacional. Avaliações com usuários e com câmeras com lentes modificadas são realizadas. Os dados compilados são usados para reconstruir visão afetada do indivíduo, oferecendo uma nova abordagem para capturar informações para o rastreio, diagnóstico e análises clínicas de anomalias visuais. / This thesis proposes light-field pre-warping methods for measuring and compensating for optical aberrations in focal imaging systems. Interactive methods estimate refractive conditions (NETRA) and model lens opacities (CATRA) of interaction-aware eyes and cameras using cost-efficient hardware apps for high-resolution screens. Tailored displays use stereo-viewing hardware to compensate for the measured visual aberrations and display in-focus information that avoids the need of corrective eyeglasses. A light-field display, positioned very close to the eye, creates virtual objects in a wide range of predefined depths through different sectors of the eye’s aperture. This platform creates a new range of interactivity that is extremely sensitive to spatially-distributed optical aberrations. The ability to focus on virtual objects, interactively align displayed patterns, and detect variations in shape and brightness allows the estimation of the eye’s point spread function and its lens’ accommodation range. While conventional systems require specialized training, costly devices, strict security procedures, and are usually not mobile, this thesis simplifies the mechanism by putting the human subject in the loop. Captured data is transformed into refractive conditions in terms of spherical and cylindrical powers, axis of astigmatism, focal range and aperture maps for opacity, attenuation, contrast and sub-aperture point-spread functions. These optical widgets carefully designed to interactive interfaces plus computational analysis and reconstruction establish the field of computational ophthalmology. The overall goal is to allow a general audience to operate portable light-field displays to gain a meaningful understanding of their own visual conditions. Ubiquitous, updated, and accurate diagnostic records can make private and public displays show information in a resolution that goes beyond the viewer’s visual acuity. The new display technology is able to compensate for refractive errors and avoid light-scattering paths. Tailored Displays free the viewer from needing wearable optical corrections when looking at it, expanding the notion of glasses-free multi-focus displays to add individual variabilities. This thesis includes proof-of-concept designs for ophthalmatic devices and tailored displays. User evaluations and validations with modified camera optics are performed. Capturing the daily variabilities of an individual’s sensory system is expected to unleash a new era of high-quality tailored consumer devices.

Esta tese descreve métodos interativos para estimar e compensar erros de refração (NETRA) e opacidades ópticas (CATRA) em sistemas de imageamento usando telas de campos de luz programáveis, de alta resolução e alto contraste. Os novos métodos para oftalmologia computacional descritos aqui podem avaliar câmeras e olhos se o usuário do sistema estiver consciente do modelo de interação. A solução combina elementos ópticos baratos, interfaces interativas e reconstrução computacional. Uma tela de campos de luz, posicionada perto do olho, cria objetos virtuais em profundidades pré-definidas através de várias seções do olho. Via esta plataforma, cria-se uma nova gama de aplicações interativas que é extremamente sensível a aberrações ópticas. A capacidade de focar em um objeto virtual, alinhar padrões exibidos na tela e detectar suas variações de forma e brilho permite ao sistema estimar a função de propagação de ponto de luz para o olho e a acomodação da lente. Enquanto os sistemas convencionais requerem formação especializada, dispositivos caros, procedimentos de segurança sensíveis e normalmente não são móveis, esta tese simplifica o mecanismo, colocando o paciente no centro do teste. Ao final, a resposta do usuário calcula a condição de refração em termos de poderes esférico e cilíndrico, o eixo de astigmatismo, o poder de acomodação da lente e mapas para a opacidade, atenuação, contraste e função de espalhamento de um ponto de luz. O objetivo é permitir que o público em geral opere um sistema de iluminação portátil e obtenha uma compreensão de suas próprias condições visuais. Esta tese apresenta projetos ópticos para software e hardware para oftalmologia computacional. Avaliações com usuários e com câmeras com lentes modificadas são realizadas. Os dados compilados são usados para reconstruir visão afetada do indivíduo, oferecendo uma nova abordagem para capturar informações para o rastreio, diagnóstico e análises clínicas de anomalias visuais. / This thesis proposes light-field pre-warping methods for measuring and compensating for optical aberrations in focal imaging systems. Interactive methods estimate refractive conditions (NETRA) and model lens opacities (CATRA) of interaction-aware eyes and cameras using cost-efficient hardware apps for high-resolution screens. Tailored displays use stereo-viewing hardware to compensate for the measured visual aberrations and display in-focus information that avoids the need of corrective eyeglasses. A light-field display, positioned very close to the eye, creates virtual objects in a wide range of predefined depths through different sectors of the eye’s aperture. This platform creates a new range of interactivity that is extremely sensitive to spatially-distributed optical aberrations. The ability to focus on virtual objects, interactively align displayed patterns, and detect variations in shape and brightness allows the estimation of the eye’s point spread function and its lens’ accommodation range. While conventional systems require specialized training, costly devices, strict security procedures, and are usually not mobile, this thesis simplifies the mechanism by putting the human subject in the loop. Captured data is transformed into refractive conditions in terms of spherical and cylindrical powers, axis of astigmatism, focal range and aperture maps for opacity, attenuation, contrast and sub-aperture point-spread functions. These optical widgets carefully designed to interactive interfaces plus computational analysis and reconstruction establish the field of computational ophthalmology. The overall goal is to allow a general audience to operate portable light-field displays to gain a meaningful understanding of their own visual conditions. Ubiquitous, updated, and accurate diagnostic records can make private and public displays show information in a resolution that goes beyond the viewer’s visual acuity. The new display technology is able to compensate for refractive errors and avoid light-scattering paths. Tailored Displays free the viewer from needing wearable optical corrections when looking at it, expanding the notion of glasses-free multi-focus displays to add individual variabilities. This thesis includes proof-of-concept designs for ophthalmatic devices and tailored displays. User evaluations and validations with modified camera optics are performed. Capturing the daily variabilities of an individual’s sensory system is expected to unleash a new era of high-quality tailored consumer devices.