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The meeting of the eyes is a potent form of communication. The eyes are able to convey many subtle nuances of feeling by their complex capacity for expression. Their stimulus configuration has made them highly noticeable; they serve as an innate releaser for the responses of animals and infants. The fact that they are critical in the maternal - infant relationship later gives them special meaning to the adult person. This is conveyed in the many references to the eyes found in literature, language, art, and mythology. Psychologists have begun to recognize, both in research and practice, the importance of eye contact in interpersonal interaction. Eyes intensify expressions of warmth and empathy, as well as hostility and aggression (Ellsworth & Carlsmith, 1968). Recognizing this, psycho- therapists have begun to emphasize the intimacy value of eye contact. Group therapists and sensitivity trainers often ask strangers to engage in eye contact as a way of transcending interpersonal barriers in a group. Many of the relationships between eye contact and variables such as sex, age, race, and culture have been investigated. It is assumed in most of these studies that eye contact leads to intimacy. The present study will attempt to document this assumption. For this purpose, it was hypothesized that 3 minutes of silent eye contact between a female subject and a confederate would facilitate inti- macy more so than the two selected silent control conditions which were also of 3 -minute duration. One of these involved looking at another part of the body, the hand, and the other was an interaction in which no instructions were given other than to maintain silence. For this study, intimacy was postulated to be composed of the Rogerian attitudes which facilitate therapeutic change - empathy, positive regard, and congruence. In addition to the main effect of condition, a secondary prediction involved a main effect of personality. That is, the way a subject responded to the confederate was partly related to the subject's style of relating to people, regardless of experimental condition. A three-way interaction effect was predicted for the dependent variable of state anxiety such that high AFFE would lead to an increase in anxiety going from high interpersonal contact- -the eye contact condition- -to low interpersonal contact- -the hand and non-directed conditions. The reverse was predicted for low AFFE. In addition, the magnitude of the interaction would differ for high vs. low anxious subjects on the trait anxiety. That is, the amount of anxiety experienced by high and low AFFE subjects in both the high and low contact conditions was hypothesized to be less. As predicted, in all cases women who made eye contact expressed more intimacy than the those with no eye contact. By their own report, they felt more empathy, positive feeling, and willingness to tell intimate details about their lives to the women they had visually contacted than did the women in the other situations. Furthermore, the hypothesis was partially confirmed that subjects who usually express affection to other people (high AFFE) feel greater empathy than do low AFFE subjects. Only in the case of empathy was the difference between high and low AFFE significant; however, the trend was in the predicted direction for self-disclosure and positive feeling variables. The final hypothesis was not supported. That is, trait anxiety did not interact significantly with condition and personality for state anxiety. Problems in the measurement of this variable may have accounted for the nonsignificant results. Implications for further research are discussed. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.

A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Science of the University of the Witwatersrand fo r the Degree of Doctor uf Philosophy. January 1979 / Clinical workers in binocular vision , known as o rth o p tis ts , have noticed variations in the binocular performance of patients which appear to have no relation to the ir visual state. Similarly there are some binocular tests, in p a rticu la r stereoscopic tests, which cannot be performed by normal students of the Optometry School. An in it ia l reading of the literature on binocular vision indicated that i t can be divided in to two parts, that concerning the mechanism which produces one visual percept from two visual inputs to the two separate eyes, and the mechanism which produces stereopsis, by evaluating the angular differences between the two re tin a l images and interpreting them as a sense of depth. I t was decided to concentrate on the haploscopic aspect of binocular vision , and to search fo r non-visual variables which determined the operation of th is function. A detailed reading of the lite ra tu re brought to lig h t several sets of experimental results showing marked v a ria b ility between normal subjects on the same te s t. Some of the operators commented on these, but did not look fo r th e ir o rig in . The neurological and neuro-anatomical lite ra tu re indicated that the production of the single visual percept was an on-going process which became more complex as i t was passed to higher neurological levels u n til the fin a l process was controlled by the cortex of the parietal lobe. This suggestion was confirmed by an E.F.G. programme carried out by the w rite r. The existence of neurological a c tiv ity in the parietal cortex involving the in h ib itio n processes which remove an unwanted diplopic image from visual perception suggested very strongly that psychological variables would be found here. This survey of the lite ra tu re also indicated that no previous work had been done in this fie ld and new tests had to be devised to isolate and measure the non-visual variables. This programme was undertaken by the w rite r who had done previous research in orthoptics and in optometry. These tests produced 20 scores, some of which suggested the psychological variable with which the optometric scores might correlate s ig n ific a n tly . The nature of these scores was described to a cross-discipline project team whose members designed a battery of tests, one psychological and the other neuro-psychological. The psychological battery was based on the assumption that the variable appeared to re late to some sort of psychological r ig id ity , but that as th is was not certain, certain other tests such as motivation, fru s tra tio n and suggestion must be adequately covered. The neuro-psychological battery assumed that the binocular variables must be measurable in the a c tiv ity of the central nervous system, and might appear as the muscular control of movement, or in the speeu of perception. A battery of te sts, including the E.E.G., was designed to measure these functions. The to ta l testing programme was now very large, and was given to two p ilo t samples. The battery was reduced in size by a study of the correlations, and by the use of cluster analysis. A study of the selected co rre la tio n between the binocular and the psychological scores indicated a relationship between the psychological results and some of the binocular tests. A reduced battery of both tests was given to a larger sample and a fa cto r analysis of the re su lt selected perseveration as the major psychological variable in binocular performance. During the course of the research work some very valuable discoveries were made fo r c lin ic a l optometry. The possible value of the results to psychology and the avenues of future research opened up by the programme of research are discussed.

Li Yuk Lam. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-97). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 : --- Introduction --- p.6 / Brief Summary in Change Blindness Studies --- p.6 / Visual Processing and Change Blindness --- p.9 / Attention and Change Blindness --- p.9 / Different Types of Memory and Change Blindness --- p.16 / General Overview of the Paper --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 : --- Experiment 1 --- p.23 / Experiment 1A --- p.25 / Method --- p.27 / Participants --- p.27 / Materials & Apparatus --- p.27 / Design & Procedure --- p.28 / Result --- p.31 / Discussion --- p.33 / Experiment IB --- p.34 / Method --- p.36 / Participants --- p.36 / Materials and Apparatus --- p.36 / Design and Procedure --- p.37 / Result --- p.39 / Discussion --- p.43 / Comparing Experiment 1A and IB --- p.45 / Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 3 : --- Experiment 2 --- p.51 / Method --- p.53 / Participants --- p.53 / Materials & Apparatus --- p.53 / Design & Procedure --- p.53 / Result --- p.54 / Discussion --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Experiment 3 --- p.57 / Method --- p.61 / Participants --- p.61 / Materials & Apparatus --- p.61 / Design & Procedure --- p.62 / Result --- p.63 / Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5 : --- Experiment 4 --- p.69 / Method --- p.72 / Participants --- p.72 / Materials & Apparatus --- p.72 / Design & Procedure --- p.72 / Result --- p.73 / Discussion --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 6 : --- General Discussion --- p.78 / Attention and Change Blindness --- p.79 / Stability of Different Kinds of Visual Information --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 7 : --- Conclusion --- p.88

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