This thesis is dedicated to the active research topic of generic Visual Object Categorization(VOC), which can be widely used in many applications such as videoindexation and retrieval, video monitoring, security access control, automobile drivingsupport etc. Due to many realistic difficulties, it is still considered to be one ofthe most challenging problems in computer vision and pattern recognition. In thiscontext, we have proposed in this thesis our contributions, especially concerning thetwo main components of the methods addressing VOC problems, namely featureselection and image representation.Firstly, an Embedded Sequential Forward feature Selection algorithm (ESFS)has been proposed for VOC. Its aim is to select the most discriminant features forobtaining a good performance for the categorization. It is mainly based on thecommonly used sub-optimal search method Sequential Forward Selection (SFS),which relies on the simple principle to add incrementally most relevant features.However, ESFS not only adds incrementally most relevant features in each stepbut also merges them in an embedded way thanks to the concept of combinedmass functions from the evidence theory which also offers the benefit of obtaining acomputational cost much lower than the one of original SFS.Secondly, we have proposed novel image representations to model the visualcontent of an image, namely Polynomial Modeling and Statistical Measures basedImage Representation, called PMIR and SMIR respectively. They allow to overcomethe main drawback of the popular "bag of features" method which is the difficultyto fix the optimal size of the visual vocabulary. They have been tested along withour proposed region based features and SIFT. Two different fusion strategies, earlyand late, have also been considered to merge information from different "channels"represented by the different types of features.Thirdly, we have proposed two approaches for VOC relying on sparse representation,including a reconstructive method (R_SROC) as well as a reconstructiveand discriminative one (RD_SROC). Indeed, sparse representation model has beenoriginally used in signal processing as a powerful tool for acquiring, representingand compressing the high-dimensional signals. Thus, we have proposed to adaptthese interesting principles to the VOC problem. R_SROC relies on the intuitiveassumption that an image can be represented by a linear combination of trainingimages from the same category. Therefore, the sparse representations of images arefirst computed through solving the ℓ1 norm minimization problem and then usedas new feature vectors for images to be classified by traditional classifiers such asSVM. To improve the discrimination ability of the sparse representation to betterfit the classification problem, we have also proposed RD_SROC which includes adiscrimination term, such as Fisher discrimination measure or the output of a SVMclassifier, to the standard sparse representation objective function in order to learna reconstructive and discriminative dictionary. Moreover, we have also proposedChapter 0. Abstractto combine the reconstructive and discriminative dictionary and the adapted purereconstructive dictionary for a given category so that the discrimination power canfurther be increased.The efficiency of all the methods proposed in this thesis has been evaluated onpopular image datasets including SIMPLIcity, Caltech101 and Pascal2007.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à un sujet de recherche très porteur : la Catégorisation générique d’objets Visuels (VOC). En effet, les applications possibles sont très nombreuses, incluant l’indexation d’images et de vidéos, la vidéo surveillance, le contrôle d’accès de sécurité, le soutien à la conduite automobile, etc. En raison de ses nombreux verrous scientifiques, ce sujet est encore considéré comme l’un des problèmes les plus difficiles en vision par ordinateur et en reconnaissance de formes. Dans ce contexte, nous avons proposé dans ce travail de thèse plusieurs contributions, en particulier concernant les deux principaux éléments des méthodes résolvant les problèmes de VOC, notamment la sélection des descripteurs et la représentation d’images. Premièrement, un algorithme nomme "Embedded Sequential Forward feature Selection"(ESFS) a été proposé pour VOC. Son but est de sélectionner les descripteurs les plus discriminants afin d’obtenir une bonne performance pour la catégorisation. Il est principalement basé sur la méthode de recherche sous-optimale couramment utilisée "Sequential Forward Selection" (SFS), qui repose sur le principe simple d’ajouter progressivement les descripteurs les plus pertinents. Cependant, ESFS non seulement ajoute progressivement les descripteurs les plus pertinents à chaque étape mais de plus les fusionne d’une manière intégrée grâce à la notion de fonctions de masses combinées empruntée à la théorie de l’évidence qui offre également l’avantage d’obtenir un coût de calcul beaucoup plus faible que celui de SFS original. Deuxièmement, nous avons proposé deux nouvelles représentations d’images pour modéliser le contenu visuel d’une image : la Représentation d’Image basée sur la Modélisation Polynomiale et les Mesures Statistiques, appelées respectivement PMIR et SMIR. Elles permettent de surmonter l’inconvénient principal de la méthode populaire "bag of features" qui est la difficulté de fixer la taille optimale du vocabulaire visuel. Elles ont été testées avec nos descripteurs bases région ainsi que les descripteurs SIFT. Deux stratégies différentes de fusion, précoce et tardive, ont également été considérées afin de fusionner les informations venant des "canaux «différents représentés par les différents types de descripteurs. Troisièmement, nous avons proposé deux approches pour VOC en s’appuyant sur la représentation sparse. La première méthode est reconstructive (R_SROC) alors que la deuxième est reconstructive et discriminative (RD_SROC). En effet, le modèle de représentation sparse a été utilisé originalement dans le domaine du traitement du signal comme un outil puissant pour acquérir, représenter et compresser des signaux de grande dimension. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une adaptation de ces principes intéressants au problème de VOC. R_SROC repose sur l’hypothèse intuitive que l’image peut être représentée par une combinaison linéaire des images d’apprentissage de la même catégorie. [...] / This thesis is dedicated to the active research topic of generic Visual Object Categorization(VOC), which can be widely used in many applications such as videoindexation and retrieval, video monitoring, security access control, automobile drivingsupport etc. Due to many realistic difficulties, it is still considered to be one ofthe most challenging problems in computer vision and pattern recognition. In thiscontext, we have proposed in this thesis our contributions, especially concerning thetwo main components of the methods addressing VOC problems, namely featureselection and image representation.Firstly, an Embedded Sequential Forward feature Selection algorithm (ESFS)has been proposed for VOC. Its aim is to select the most discriminant features forobtaining a good performance for the categorization. It is mainly based on thecommonly used sub-optimal search method Sequential Forward Selection (SFS),which relies on the simple principle to add incrementally most relevant features.However, ESFS not only adds incrementally most relevant features in each stepbut also merges them in an embedded way thanks to the concept of combinedmass functions from the evidence theory which also offers the benefit of obtaining acomputational cost much lower than the one of original SFS.Secondly, we have proposed novel image representations to model the visualcontent of an image, namely Polynomial Modeling and Statistical Measures basedImage Representation, called PMIR and SMIR respectively. They allow to overcomethe main drawback of the popular "bag of features" method which is the difficultyto fix the optimal size of the visual vocabulary. They have been tested along withour proposed region based features and SIFT. Two different fusion strategies, earlyand late, have also been considered to merge information from different "channels"represented by the different types of features.Thirdly, we have proposed two approaches for VOC relying on sparse representation,including a reconstructive method (R_SROC) as well as a reconstructiveand discriminative one (RD_SROC). Indeed, sparse representation model has beenoriginally used in signal processing as a powerful tool for acquiring, representingand compressing the high-dimensional signals. Thus, we have proposed to adaptthese interesting principles to the VOC problem. R_SROC relies on the intuitiveassumption that an image can be represented by a linear combination of trainingimages from the same category. Therefore, the sparse representations of images arefirst computed through solving the ℓ1 norm minimization problem and then usedas new feature vectors for images to be classified by traditional classifiers such asSVM. To improve the discrimination ability of the sparse representation to betterfit the classification problem, we have also proposed RD_SROC which includes adiscrimination term, such as Fisher discrimination measure or the output of a SVMclassifier, to the standard sparse representation objective function in order to learna reconstructive and discriminative dictionary. Moreover, we have also proposedChapter 0. Abstractto combine the reconstructive and discriminative dictionary and the adapted purereconstructive dictionary for a given category so that the discrimination power canfurther be increased.The efficiency of all the methods proposed in this thesis has been evaluated onpopular image datasets including SIMPLIcity, Caltech101 and Pascal2007.