In this dissertation, a hybrid volume and surface integral equation is used to solve scattering problems. It is implemented with RWG basis on the surface and the edge basis in the volume. Numerical results shows the correctness of the hybrid VSIE in inhomogeneous medium. The MLFMM method is also implemented for the new VSIEs. Further more, a synthetic apature radar imaging method is used in a 2D microwave imaging for complex objects. With the mono-static and bi-static interpolation scheme, a 2D FFT is applied for the imaging with the data simulated with VSIE method. Then we apply a background cancelling scheme to improve the imaging quality for the targets in interest. Numerical results shows the feasibility of applying the background canceling into wider applications.

Le problème de diffraction électromagnétique gouverné par les équations de Maxwell admet une formulation équivalente par une équation intégrale volumique fortement singulière. Cette thèse a pour but d'examiner l'opérateur intégral qui décrit cette équation. La première partie de ce manuscrit porte sur l'étude de son spectre essentiel. Cette analyse est intéressante en vue d'obtenir les conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour avoir l'unicité de solutions du problème surtout quand il s'agirait de la diffraction des ondes par des matériaux négatifs où les techniques classiques perdent leurs utilité. Après avoir justifié le bon choix du cadre fonctionnel, nous étudions tout d'abord le cas où les paramètres caractéristiques du milieu à savoir la permittivité électrique et la perméabilité magnétique sont constants par morceaux avec discontinuité au travers du bord de la cible. Dans ce cadre, nous donnons une réponse complète à la question pour les domaines réguliers et Lipschitziens. Ensuite, et à l'aide d'une technique de localisation, nous donnons une extension de ces résultats dans le cas des paramètres réguliers par morceaux pour deux opérateurs intégraux, l'un qui correspond à la version diélectrique du problème et l'autre pour sa version magnétique. Nous terminons cette thèse par l'étude de la dérivée de forme des opérateurs diélectrique et magnétique et nous en déduisons une nouvelle caractérisation de la dérivée de forme des solutions des deux problèmes de diffraction. / The electromagnetic diffraction problem which is governed by the Maxwell equations admits an equivalent formulation in terms of a strongly singular volume integral equation. This thesis aims to examine the integral operator that describes this equation. The first part of this document focuses on the study of its essential spectrum. This analysis is interesting to get the necessary and sufficient conditions of solution uniqueness of the problem especially when we consider the diffraction of waves by negative materials where classic tools lose their usefulness. After justifying the adequate choice of the functional framework, we first study the case where the characteristics parameters of the medium like the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability are piecewise constant with discontinuity across the boundary of the target. In this context, we give a full answer to the question for smooth and Lipschitz domains. Then, by using a localization technique, we give an extension of those results in the case of piecewise regular parameters for two integrals operators, one which corresponds to the dielectric version of the problem and the other for its magnetic version. We end this thesis by the study of the shape derivative of the dielectric and magnetic operators and we derive a new characterization of the shape derivative of the two diffraction problems solution.

In this dissertation, a Method of Moments (MoM) Volume Integral Equation (VIE)-based modeling approach suitable for a patch or slot antenna on a thin finite dielectric substrate is developed and validated. Two new key features of this method are the use of proper dielectric basis functions and proper VIE conditioning, close to the metal surface, where the surface boundary condition of the zero tangential-component must be extended into adjacent tetrahedra. The extended boundary condition is the exact result for the piecewise-constant dielectric basis functions. The latter operation allows one to achieve a good accuracy with one layer of tetrahedra for a thin dielectric substrate and thereby greatly reduces computational cost. The use of low-order basis functions also implies the use of low-order integration schemes and faster filling of the impedance matrix. For some common patch/slot antennas, the VIE-based modeling approach is found to give an error of about 1% or less in the resonant frequency for one-layer tetrahedral meshes with a relatively small number of unknowns. This error is obtained by comparison with fine finite- element method (FEM) simulations, or with measurements, or with the analytical mode matching approach. Hence it is competitive with both the method of moments surface integral equation approach and with the FEM approach for the printed antennas on thin dielectric substrates. Along with the MoM development, the dissertation also presents the models and design procedures for a number of practical antenna configurations. They in particular include: i. a compact linearly polarized broadband planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA); ii. a circularly polarized turnstile bowtie antenna. Both the antennas are designed to operate in the low UHF band and used for indoor positioning/indoor geolocation.

Estimation of the Radar Cross Section of large inhomogeneous scattering objects such as composite aircrafts, ships and biological bodies at high frequencies has posed large computational challenge. The detection of scattering from wake vortex leading to detection and possible identification of low observable aircrafts also demand the development of computationally efficient and rigorous numerical techniques. Amongst the various methods deployed in Computational Electromagnetics, the Method of Moments predicts the electromagnetic characteristics accurately. Method of Moments is a rigorous method, combined with an array of modeling techniques such as triangular patch, cubical cell and tetrahedral modeling. Method of Moments has become an accurate technique for solving electromagnetic problems from complex shaped homogeneous and inhomogeneous objects. One of the drawbacks of Method of Moments is the fact that it results into a dense matrix, the inversion of which is a computationally complex both in terms of physical memory and compute power. This has been the prime reason for the Method of Moments hitherto remaining as a low frequency method. With recent advances in supercomputing, it is possible to extend the range of Method of Moments for Radar Cross Section computation of aircraft like structures and radiation characteristic of antennas mounted on complex shaped bodies at realistic frequencies of practical interest. This thesis is a contribution in this direction. The main focus of this thesis is development of parallel Method of Moments solvers, applied to solve real world electromagnetic wave scattering and radiation problems from inhomogeneous objects. While the methods developed in this thesis are applicable to a variety of problems in Computational Electromagnetics as shown by illustrative examples, in specific, it has been applied to compute the Radar Cross Section enhancement due to acoustic disturbances and flow inhomogeneities from the wake vortex of an aircraft, thus exploring the possibility of detecting stealth aircraft. Illustrative examples also include the analysis of antenna mounted on an aircraft. In this thesis, first the RWG basis functions have been used in Method of Moments procedure, for solving scattering problems from complex conducting structures such as aircraft and antenna(s) mounted on airborne vehicles, of electrically large size of about 45 and 0.76 million unknowns. Next, the solver using SWG basis functions with tetrahedral and pulse basis functions with cubical modeling have been developed to solve scattering from 3D inhomogeneous bodies. The developed codes are validated by computing the Radar Cross Section of spherical homogeneous and inhomogeneous layered scatterers, lossy dielectric cylinder with region wise inhomogeneity and high contrast dielectric objects. Aerodynamic flow solver ANSYS FLUENT, based on Finite Volume Method is used to solve inviscid compressible flow problem around the aircraft. The gradients of pressure/density are converted to dielectric constant variation in the wake region by using empirical relation and interpolation techniques. Then the Radar Cross Section is computed from the flow inhomogeneities in the vicinity of a model aircraft and beyond (wake zone) using the developed parallel Volume Surface Integral Equation using Method of Moments and investigated more rigorously. Radar Cross Section enhancement is demonstrated in the presence of the flow inhomogeneities and detectability is discussed. The Bragg scattering that occurs when electromagnetic and acoustic waves interact is also discussed and the results are interpreted in this light. The possibility of using the scattering from wake vortex to detect low visible aircraft is discussed. This thesis also explores the possibility of observing the Bragg scattering phenomenon from the acoustic disturbances, caused by the wake vortex. The latter sets the direction for use of radars for target identification and beyond target detection. The codes are parallelized using the ScaLAPACK and BiCG iterative method on shared and distributed memory machines, and tested on variety of High Performance Computing platforms such as Blue Gene/L (22.4TF), Tyrone cluster, CSIR-4PI HP Proliant 3000 BL460c (360TF) and CRAY XC40 machines. The parallelization speedup and efficiency of all the codes has also been shown.