The Iberian Pyrite Belt is the richest massive sulfide province in the world. The massive sulfide ore deposits occur in a felsic volcanic and sedimentary succession (VS Complex) of late Famennian (Upper Devonian) to late Visean (Middle Carboniferous) age. Volcanic facies analysis has been carried out on three areas in Portugal, including the Neves Corvo mine, and five sections in Spain. In all sections studied, the depositional setting during accumulation of the VS Complex was submarine and below wave base. The principal felsic volcanic facies are: (1) coherent rhyolite and dacite, associated with monomictic breccia; (2) fiamme-rich breccia (with variable amounts of dense volcanic and sedimentary clasts), fiamme-rich sandstone and fiamme-bearing mudstone; and (3) crystal-rich sandstone and mudstone. Mafic units are minor, dominated by coherent facies and have uncertain mode of emplacement (intrusions or lavas). Fiamme typically have lenticular shape and quartz- or quartz- and feldspar-phyric texture, and are interpreted to be altered and compacted pumice clasts. The volcanic facies are typically interleaved with, and regionally less voluminous than, the non-volcanic facies, which are dominated by mudstone. The felsic volcanic facies are interpreted to be the products of numerous, relatively small intrabasinal volcanic centres that generated abundant lavas, domes and pyroclastic units. Some volcanic centres are dominated by lavas, whereas others have similar proportions of lavas and pyroclastic units. The domes and lavas are more voluminous but less laterally extensive than the pyroclastic units. A sediment-matrix breccia typically occurs at the top contact of the felsic lavas with sedimentary units. This sediment-matrix breccia formed from the infiltration of fine sediment into interclast spaces in previously formed hyaloclastite, and could be misinterpreted as peperite. Felsic intrusions are less voluminous than lavas, and were emplaced as cryptodomes and partly extrusive cryptodomes, late in the evolution of the VS Complex. The architecture of the different study areas reflects differences in the eruption style, emplacement processes and proximity to source. Parts of the succession interpreted to be proximal are dominated by thick lavas/domes and intrusions, and coarse pyroclastic deposits. Medial parts comprise resedimented autoclastic facies derived from the lavas and domes, and relatively thin pyroclastic units. Distal parts comprise relatively thinly bedded crystal-rich sandstone and siliceous mudstone. Regional correlations in the VS Complex are impossible, as none of the volcanic facies are regionally extensive and each of the volcanic centres has a unique internal architecture. At Neves Corvo mine, the massive sulfide ore deposits are close to one of the felsic volcanic centre(s), occurring immediately above the rhyolitic lavas/domes. IV

Ground deformation due to volcanic magma intrusion is recognised as an important precursor of eruptive activity at a volcano. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is ideally suited for this application by being able to measure three-dimensional coordinate changes of the monitoring points over time. Due to the highly disturbed ionosphere in equatorial regions, particularly during times of maximum solar activity, a deformation monitoring network consisting entirely of single-frequency GPS receivers cannot deliver baseline solutions at the desired accuracy level. In this thesis, a mixed-mode GPS network approach is proposed in order to optimise the existing continuous single-frequency deformation monitoring system on the Papandayan volcano in West Java, Indonesia. A sparse network of dual-frequency GPS receivers surrounding the deformation zone is used to generate empirical 'correction terms' in order to model the regional ionosphere. These corrections are then applied to the single-frequency data of the inner network to improve the accuracy of the results by modelling the residual atmospheric biases that would otherwise be neglected. This thesis reviews the characteristics of existing continuously operating GPS deformation monitoring networks. The UNSW-designed mixed-mode GPS-based volcano deformation monitoring system and the adopted data processing strategy are described, and details of the system's deployment in an inhospitable volcanic environment are given. A method to optimise the number of observations for deformation monitoring networks where the deforming body itself blocks out part of the sky, and thereby significantly reduces the number of GPS satellites being tracked, is presented. The ionosphere and its effects on GPS signals, with special consideration for the situation in equatorial regions, are characterised. The nature of the empirically-derived 'correction terms' is investigated by using several data sets collected over different baseline lengths, at various geographical locations, and under different ionospheric conditions. Data from a range of GPS networks of various sizes, located at different geomagnetic latitudes, including data collected on Gunung Papandayan, were processed to test the feasibility of the proposed mixed-mode deformation monitoring network approach. It was found that GPS baseline results can be improved by up to 50% in the mid-latitude region when the 'correction terms' are applied, although the performance of the system degrades in close proximity to the geomagnetic equator during a solar maximum.

The Valle del Bove is a horse-shoe shaped depression, 8km long and 5km wide, cut into the eastern flanks of Mount Etna, Sicily. In the southern cliff walls there are exposed the lavas and pyroclastics erupted by six ancient centres of activity which existed in the vicinity of the site now occupied by the Valle del Bove. The majority of these volcanics originated at a centre, Trifoglietto II, which occupied a position on the site of the southern Valle del Bove, and which was still erupting lavas at 25,000 ys BP. A reconstruction of the topography which previously existed within the Valle del Bove, is accomplished by extrapolating preserved contours on the northern and southern walls of the depression. Reconstruction of the Trifoglietto II centre shows that its summit was probably between 2500m and 2600m above present sea-level, and that it consisted of a cone constructed predominantly from pyroclastic materials, overlain on its southern and eastern flanks by lavas. A stratigraphy is constructed for the southern wall. The Trifoglietto II lavas rest unconformably upon the eroded remnants of an older centre, and are themselves overlain by the products of younger centres. All the lavas exposed in the southern wall are of alkalic affinity, and comprise a trachybasaltic suite ranging from hawaiite to benmoreite. Variation in the chemistry of most of the lavas can be explained by their differentiation at high levels in the crust, from a more basic magma of alkalibasalt/hawaiite composition. Chemical variation in the Trifoglietto II lavas, however, can best be explained as a result of generation by the partial melting of garnet-peridotite material at upper mantle depths and pressures. A study has been made of the numerous dykes exposed in the walls of the Valle del Bove., the alignments of which parallel trends which are important on Etna at the present time. It is proposed that the Valle del Bove was formed by phreatic or phreato-magmatic eruptions which destroyed the Trifoglietto II centre, some 15-17,000 ys BP, following magmatic extinction at the centre. The eruptions produced lahars which are evident to the east of the depression, and extensive air-fall ashes. Subsequent enlargement of the Valle del Bove was accomplished by fluvial erosion.

Primary succession on the basaltic lava flows of Mt. Etna was studied usmg chronosequence theory to investigate the first 500 years of ecosystem development. Separate experiments were conducted to look at how plant species, nutrient availability and lichen activity on the lava changed over time under different conditions based on the site location (age, aspect and altitude on the volcano). By comparing the results of these different areas of study, close links were observed between soil development and nutrient availability. Lichens were found to be an important stage in primary succession introducing biomass to form a developing soil as well as weathering the lava surface. The plant species present on the lava were found to change as plants first colonised the lava and were then replaced as further species appeared over time. Nutrient availability was investigated in living plant material by measurement of the enzyme nitrate reductase and also in the developing soil. Two large inputs of nitrogen were observed in the chronosequences. An early input believed to be lichen derived and another steadily increasing input associated with the soil. The biomass of the nitrogen fixing lichen Stereocaulofl vesuvianum on the lava flows was found to change over time with a rapid increase over the first 100 years of the chronosequence followed by a slower decline as competition and shading from vascular plants covered available habitat. S. vesuvianum was also found to be an efficient weathering agent on the lava altering the surface morphology. This weathering was observed qualitatively by detailed visual examination of the lava surface by scanning electron microscopy. Weathering was also measured quantitatively using an intelligent machine vision computer system, to collate the surface changes of many images simultaneously and compare surface change to a baseline chronosequence, allowing discrimination of fine differences in the extent of weathering. Two of the experiments conducted on Mt. Etna (nitrate reductase activity and lichen weathering) were repeated on a second volcano, Mauna Loa (Hawaii). This tested if the trends observed on Etna were typical of primary succession on lava and the impact of a different climate regime (tropical) compared to Etna (temperate). Nitrate reductase activity was found to be very low in the primary colonising species studied on Hawaii indicating that nitrogen is limited on the early lava flows. Lichen weathering by Stereocaulon vulcani on Hawaii was found to occur in a comparable manner to S. vesuvianum on Etna, and was similarly controlled by the lichen biomass and associated climatic conditions.

O Complexo Vulcânico Yate (CVY) está localizado na Zona Vulcânica Sul dos Andes, Chile. É constituído pelos vulcões Yate, Hornopirén e Gualaihué, além de um conjunto de cones monogênicos conhecido como Centros Eruptivos Cordón Cabrera; aflora em uma área de aproximadamente 400 km2, representado por uma sequência vulcânica de mais de 2.000 metros de sessão vertical contínua. O Vulcão Yate é o maior dos vulcões do complexo, correspondendo a um tipo combinado constituído por cinco unidades litoestratigráficas que se estendem no tempo desde o Pleistoceno Superior (c. 122 ka) até o Holoceno. O Vulcão Hornopirén corresponde a um vulcão estromboliano com registro de atividade eruptiva mais antiga, no Pleistoceno Inferior-Médio (c. 1,4-0,26 Ma), estendendo-se até Holoceno. Por fim, o Vulcão Gualaihué corresponde a um vulcão tipo escudo com atividades efusiva, restrita ao Pleistoceno Médio (c. 440 ka), e freatomagmática no Holoceno. A assinatura geoquímica diversificada das rochas do CVY levou à individualização de quatro tipos de basaltos e andesitos basálticos (BABs) com associações mineralógicas particulares: (i) de alto alumínio e baixo magnésio (BAB-A), com olivina-clinopiroxênio-plagioclásio; (ii) de baixo alumínio e alto magnésio (BAB-AM), com olivina-plagioclásio; (iii) de alto magnésio (BO), com olivina; e (iv) de alto potássio (BAB-K), com coexistência de duas associações mineralógicas incongruentes, olivinaplagioclásio e plagioclásio-clinopiroxênio-orotopiroxênio. A assinatura isotópica desses BABs diferenciase apenas em termos da razão 87Sr/86Sr, em parte acompanhada pelas razões 06Pb/204Pb; as razões 143Nd/144Nd, no entanto, são pouco variáveis. Quando comparados, os BAB-A são as rochas mais radiogênicas, sendo que as razões isotópicas de Sr (> 0,70440) não se correlacionam com a razão Rb/La, sugerindo que o enriquecimento isotópico não teria relação com contaminação crustal. A modelagem quantitativa sugere que esses BABs poderiam ser produto de graus variáveis de fusão parcial de um manto peridotítico, na presença de água (c. 1%). Modelo petrogenético semelhante é proposto para os BAB-AM e BO, todavia com volume de água menor. Já os BAB-K apresentam claras evidências de desequilíbrio mineral, sugerindo a atuação de ambos assimilação e mistura de magmas na sua gênese.Com respeito às rochas mais evoluídas (ABSiO2, andesitos e dacitos), presentes exclusivamente no Vulcão Yate, as características texturais e químicas são pouco conclusivas, sendo as tendências geoquímicas divergentes daquelas típicas de cristalização fracionada. O comportamento geoquímico, endossado pelas texturas de desequilíbrio mineral comuns a esses magmas, mostra mistura (mixing ou mingling) de magmas como um mecanismo importante em suas histórias petrogenéticas. Por fim, a gênese dos riolitos (com anfibólio) parece sugerir fusão parcial de uma crosta anfibolítica ou cristalização fracionada a partir de um magma andesítico, a ~12 km de profundidade. A evolução magmática no CVY, desde o Pleistoceno Inferior-Médio até o Holoceno, incluiria atividade eruptiva de magmas básicos (BABs), ao longo de estruturas N-S (Vulcão Hornopirén) e NE-SW (Vulcão Gualaihué), os quais também devem ter interagido com uma câmara magmática em evolução (Vulcão Yate, c. 10 km de profundidade), provavelmente disposta na junção destas estruturas. Essa interação teria produzido graus variáveis de mistura, cristalização fracionada e assimilação crustal de seus produtos. / The Yate Volcanic Complex (CVY) is located in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Chilean Andes, at 42°30S, comprising the Yate, Gualaihué and Hornopirén volcanoes. The Yate volcano is a major compound type in which effusive activity occurred since Upper Pleistocene (c. 122 ka) until Holocene. Hornopirén and Gualaihué are minor, and represent strombilian- and shield-type volcanoes, respectively. Effusive activity in Hornopirén extended since Lower to Middle Pleistocene (c. 1,4 Ma to 260 ka), and in Gualaihué was around Middle Pleistocene (c. 440 ka), with subordinate phreatomagmatic eruptions during Holocene. Four types of basalt and basalt andesite associations (BABs) were recognized in YVC: (i) a high-Al and low-Mg group (BAB-A), with olivine-clinopyroxene-plagioclase phenocrystal assembly; (ii) a high-Mg and low-Al group (BAB-AM), with olivine-plagioclase; (iii) a high-Mg group (BO), with olivine and, (iv) a K-rich group (BAB-K) including two incongruent mineral assemblies, olivineplagioclase and clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene. Sr (and Pb) isotopic ratios show different patterns for BABs. When compared together, BAB-A is the most radiogenic group, with 87Sr/86Sr ratios higher than 0.70440 showing no correlation with Rb/La ratios. This suggests that isotopic (and incompatible element) enrichment may not be exactly related to crustal contamination. Quantitative modeling points to partial melting, in c. 1% water (slab-derived fluids), of an enriched peridotite as a possible mechanism involved in the genesis of BAB-A magmas. Similar petrogenetic model is envisaged for BAB-AM and BO; however, minor water contents during melting should be required for. Striking features of mineral disequilibrium suggest each (K-rich) crust assimilation and magma mixing influenced compositional signature of the BAB-K magmas. Magma mixing and mingling seems to be also an important petrogenetic mechanism in genesis of the evolved magmas (silica-rich basalt andesites, andesites, dacites) from the YVC, as shown by petrographic (olivine-clinopyroxene [Mg# 0,8], coexisting with clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene [Mg# 0,76-0,63]) and geochemical features. Genesis of amph-riolites, however, can be explained to each partial melting of amphibolite crust or ~12 km-deep fractional crystallization from an andesitic magma. In summary, the magmatic evolution of YVC, from the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene, is dominated by geochemically distinct basic magmas emplaced along NS- and SW-trending structures. Chemical and mechanical interaction between these magmas occurred into the magma chamber, located at the junction of those structures. In addition, partial melting of the crust produced the most evolved magmas of the complex.

The most common hazards for communities surrounding mountain‐forming stratovolcanoes are mass flows of a range of types. Determining their frequency,characteristics and distribution is a major focus of hazard mapping efforts. Recent improvements in computer power and numerical models have meant that simulation of mass flow scenarios is a new tool available for hazard analysis. Its application to hazard mapping, land use planning and emergency management awaits robust evaluation of the conditions under which simulation tools are effective. This study focuses on this question in attempting to improve mass‐flow hazard assessments at the typical stratovolcanoes of Mts. Taranaki and Ruapehu in New Zealand. On Mt. Ruapehu, Titan2D modelling was applied to forecast behaviour of non‐cohesive lahars in the Whangaehu River, primarily produced by Crater Lake break‐outs, such as on 18 March 2007. The simulations were accurate in predicting inundation area, bifurcation, super‐elevation, hydraulic ponding, velocity and travel times of the lahar to 9‐10 km. A 6 x 10[exponent 6] m³ simulated granular flow had a minimum discharge of 1800‐2100 m³/s at the apex of the Whangaehu Fan, 9‐10 km from source, comparable to all historic information. The modelling implied that it was highly unlikely for a flow of this nature to overtop a lahar training dyke (bund) at the fan‐apex location and avulse northward into a more vulnerable catchment. Beyond this point, the model could not cope with the rapid and complex changes in rheology of these non‐cohesive lahars. At Mt. Taranaki chronostratigraphic grouping of mapped past lahar deposits often clouds the actual series of landscape forming processes and hence variations in hazard that occurred over time. Here, patterns of mass flows following emplacement of a 7 km³ debris avalanche deposit were examined from field geology and Titan2D modelling to define a three‐stage recovery process, where lahars of different types and sources were focused initially beside and later on top of the debris avalanche deposit for up to 10 000 years. Results from Titan2D were used to identify source areas of mass flows at different stages and their probable rheologies. Debris avalanche emplacement at Mt. Taranaki was investigated on the c. 7 ka B.P. Opua Formation with the help of Titan2D simulations to identify initial collapse parameters and major flow paths. Once again, the simulations were reliable in proximal reaches, but could not reproduce the rheological transformations from an initial collapsing/sliding pile through to a cohesive clay‐rich flow with long runout. In a further example, past block‐and‐ash flows (BAFs) and dense pyroclastic flow deposits northwest of the current crater were analysed to define the range of realistic model parameters for Titan2D simulations. These could be incorporated inside aGeographic Information System to produce a gradational map of relative probabilities of inundation by future BAF events that took both modelling and geological variability into account. This study highlights that computational models are now reaching the stage where a holistic approach can be taken to hazard analysis that combines both geological mapping and simulation of mass flow scenarios in a probabilistic framework to provide better tools for decision makers and land‐use planners.

O Complexo Vulcânico Yate (CVY) está localizado na Zona Vulcânica Sul dos Andes, Chile. É constituído pelos vulcões Yate, Hornopirén e Gualaihué, além de um conjunto de cones monogênicos conhecido como Centros Eruptivos Cordón Cabrera; aflora em uma área de aproximadamente 400 km2, representado por uma sequência vulcânica de mais de 2.000 metros de sessão vertical contínua. O Vulcão Yate é o maior dos vulcões do complexo, correspondendo a um tipo combinado constituído por cinco unidades litoestratigráficas que se estendem no tempo desde o Pleistoceno Superior (c. 122 ka) até o Holoceno. O Vulcão Hornopirén corresponde a um vulcão estromboliano com registro de atividade eruptiva mais antiga, no Pleistoceno Inferior-Médio (c. 1,4-0,26 Ma), estendendo-se até Holoceno. Por fim, o Vulcão Gualaihué corresponde a um vulcão tipo escudo com atividades efusiva, restrita ao Pleistoceno Médio (c. 440 ka), e freatomagmática no Holoceno. A assinatura geoquímica diversificada das rochas do CVY levou à individualização de quatro tipos de basaltos e andesitos basálticos (BABs) com associações mineralógicas particulares: (i) de alto alumínio e baixo magnésio (BAB-A), com olivina-clinopiroxênio-plagioclásio; (ii) de baixo alumínio e alto magnésio (BAB-AM), com olivina-plagioclásio; (iii) de alto magnésio (BO), com olivina; e (iv) de alto potássio (BAB-K), com coexistência de duas associações mineralógicas incongruentes, olivinaplagioclásio e plagioclásio-clinopiroxênio-orotopiroxênio. A assinatura isotópica desses BABs diferenciase apenas em termos da razão 87Sr/86Sr, em parte acompanhada pelas razões 06Pb/204Pb; as razões 143Nd/144Nd, no entanto, são pouco variáveis. Quando comparados, os BAB-A são as rochas mais radiogênicas, sendo que as razões isotópicas de Sr (> 0,70440) não se correlacionam com a razão Rb/La, sugerindo que o enriquecimento isotópico não teria relação com contaminação crustal. A modelagem quantitativa sugere que esses BABs poderiam ser produto de graus variáveis de fusão parcial de um manto peridotítico, na presença de água (c. 1%). Modelo petrogenético semelhante é proposto para os BAB-AM e BO, todavia com volume de água menor. Já os BAB-K apresentam claras evidências de desequilíbrio mineral, sugerindo a atuação de ambos assimilação e mistura de magmas na sua gênese.Com respeito às rochas mais evoluídas (ABSiO2, andesitos e dacitos), presentes exclusivamente no Vulcão Yate, as características texturais e químicas são pouco conclusivas, sendo as tendências geoquímicas divergentes daquelas típicas de cristalização fracionada. O comportamento geoquímico, endossado pelas texturas de desequilíbrio mineral comuns a esses magmas, mostra mistura (mixing ou mingling) de magmas como um mecanismo importante em suas histórias petrogenéticas. Por fim, a gênese dos riolitos (com anfibólio) parece sugerir fusão parcial de uma crosta anfibolítica ou cristalização fracionada a partir de um magma andesítico, a ~12 km de profundidade. A evolução magmática no CVY, desde o Pleistoceno Inferior-Médio até o Holoceno, incluiria atividade eruptiva de magmas básicos (BABs), ao longo de estruturas N-S (Vulcão Hornopirén) e NE-SW (Vulcão Gualaihué), os quais também devem ter interagido com uma câmara magmática em evolução (Vulcão Yate, c. 10 km de profundidade), provavelmente disposta na junção destas estruturas. Essa interação teria produzido graus variáveis de mistura, cristalização fracionada e assimilação crustal de seus produtos. / The Yate Volcanic Complex (CVY) is located in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Chilean Andes, at 42°30S, comprising the Yate, Gualaihué and Hornopirén volcanoes. The Yate volcano is a major compound type in which effusive activity occurred since Upper Pleistocene (c. 122 ka) until Holocene. Hornopirén and Gualaihué are minor, and represent strombilian- and shield-type volcanoes, respectively. Effusive activity in Hornopirén extended since Lower to Middle Pleistocene (c. 1,4 Ma to 260 ka), and in Gualaihué was around Middle Pleistocene (c. 440 ka), with subordinate phreatomagmatic eruptions during Holocene. Four types of basalt and basalt andesite associations (BABs) were recognized in YVC: (i) a high-Al and low-Mg group (BAB-A), with olivine-clinopyroxene-plagioclase phenocrystal assembly; (ii) a high-Mg and low-Al group (BAB-AM), with olivine-plagioclase; (iii) a high-Mg group (BO), with olivine and, (iv) a K-rich group (BAB-K) including two incongruent mineral assemblies, olivineplagioclase and clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene. Sr (and Pb) isotopic ratios show different patterns for BABs. When compared together, BAB-A is the most radiogenic group, with 87Sr/86Sr ratios higher than 0.70440 showing no correlation with Rb/La ratios. This suggests that isotopic (and incompatible element) enrichment may not be exactly related to crustal contamination. Quantitative modeling points to partial melting, in c. 1% water (slab-derived fluids), of an enriched peridotite as a possible mechanism involved in the genesis of BAB-A magmas. Similar petrogenetic model is envisaged for BAB-AM and BO; however, minor water contents during melting should be required for. Striking features of mineral disequilibrium suggest each (K-rich) crust assimilation and magma mixing influenced compositional signature of the BAB-K magmas. Magma mixing and mingling seems to be also an important petrogenetic mechanism in genesis of the evolved magmas (silica-rich basalt andesites, andesites, dacites) from the YVC, as shown by petrographic (olivine-clinopyroxene [Mg# 0,8], coexisting with clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene [Mg# 0,76-0,63]) and geochemical features. Genesis of amph-riolites, however, can be explained to each partial melting of amphibolite crust or ~12 km-deep fractional crystallization from an andesitic magma. In summary, the magmatic evolution of YVC, from the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene, is dominated by geochemically distinct basic magmas emplaced along NS- and SW-trending structures. Chemical and mechanical interaction between these magmas occurred into the magma chamber, located at the junction of those structures. In addition, partial melting of the crust produced the most evolved magmas of the complex.

The long-term behaviour of andesitic stratovolcanoes is characterised by a repetition of edifice growth and collapse phases. This cyclic pattern may represent a natural frequency at varying timescales in the growth dynamics of stratovolcanoes, but is often difficult to identify because of long cycle-timescales, coupled with incomplete stratigraphic records. The volcaniclastic ring-plain succession surrounding the 2 518 m Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand, comprises a wide variety of distinctive volcanic mass-flow lithofacies with sedimentary and lithology characteristics that can be related to recurring volcanic cycles over >190 ka. Debrisflow and monolithologic hyperconcentrated-flow deposits record edifice growth phases while polylithologic debris-avalanche and associated cohesive debris-flow units were emplaced by collapse. Major edifice failures at Mt. Taranaki occurred on-average every 10 ka, with five events recognised over the last 30 ka, a time interval for which stratigraphic records are more complete. The unstable nature of Mt. Taranaki mainly results from its weak internal composite structure including abundant saturated pyroclastic deposits and breccia layers, along with its growth on a weakly indurated and tectonically fractured basement of Tertiary mudstones and sandstones. As the edifice repeatedly grew beyond a critical stable height or profile, large-scale collapses were triggered by intrusions preceding magmatic activity, major eruptions, or significant regional tectonic fault movements. Clasts within debris-avalanche deposits were used as a series of windows into the composition of previous successive proto-Mt Taranaki edifices in order to examine magmatic controls on their failure. The diversity of lithologies and their geochemical characteristics are similar throughout the history of the volcano, with the oldest sample suites displaying a slightly broader range of compositions including more primitive rock types. The evolution to a narrower range and higher-silica compositions was accompanied by an increase in K2O. This shows that later melts progressively interacted with underplated amphibolitic material at the base of the crust. These gradual changes imply a long-term stability of the magmatic system. The preservation of similar internal conditions during the volcano’s evolution, hence suggests that external processes were the main driving force behind its cyclic growth and collapse behaviour and resulting sedimentation pattern.

The long-term behaviour of andesitic stratovolcanoes is characterised by a repetition of edifice growth and collapse phases. This cyclic pattern may represent a natural frequency at varying timescales in the growth dynamics of stratovolcanoes, but is often difficult to identify because of long cycle-timescales, coupled with incomplete stratigraphic records. The volcaniclastic ring-plain succession surrounding the 2 518 m Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand, comprises a wide variety of distinctive volcanic mass-flow lithofacies with sedimentary and lithology characteristics that can be related to recurring volcanic cycles over >190 ka. Debrisflow and monolithologic hyperconcentrated-flow deposits record edifice growth phases while polylithologic debris-avalanche and associated cohesive debris-flow units were emplaced by collapse. Major edifice failures at Mt. Taranaki occurred on-average every 10 ka, with five events recognised over the last 30 ka, a time interval for which stratigraphic records are more complete. The unstable nature of Mt. Taranaki mainly results from its weak internal composite structure including abundant saturated pyroclastic deposits and breccia layers, along with its growth on a weakly indurated and tectonically fractured basement of Tertiary mudstones and sandstones. As the edifice repeatedly grew beyond a critical stable height or profile, large-scale collapses were triggered by intrusions preceding magmatic activity, major eruptions, or significant regional tectonic fault movements. Clasts within debris-avalanche deposits were used as a series of windows into the composition of previous successive proto-Mt Taranaki edifices in order to examine magmatic controls on their failure. The diversity of lithologies and their geochemical characteristics are similar throughout the history of the volcano, with the oldest sample suites displaying a slightly broader range of compositions including more primitive rock types. The evolution to a narrower range and higher-silica compositions was accompanied by an increase in K2O. This shows that later melts progressively interacted with underplated amphibolitic material at the base of the crust. These gradual changes imply a long-term stability of the magmatic system. The preservation of similar internal conditions during the volcano’s evolution, hence suggests that external processes were the main driving force behind its cyclic growth and collapse behaviour and resulting sedimentation pattern.

The long-term behaviour of andesitic stratovolcanoes is characterised by a repetition of edifice growth and collapse phases. This cyclic pattern may represent a natural frequency at varying timescales in the growth dynamics of stratovolcanoes, but is often difficult to identify because of long cycle-timescales, coupled with incomplete stratigraphic records. The volcaniclastic ring-plain succession surrounding the 2 518 m Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand, comprises a wide variety of distinctive volcanic mass-flow lithofacies with sedimentary and lithology characteristics that can be related to recurring volcanic cycles over >190 ka. Debrisflow and monolithologic hyperconcentrated-flow deposits record edifice growth phases while polylithologic debris-avalanche and associated cohesive debris-flow units were emplaced by collapse. Major edifice failures at Mt. Taranaki occurred on-average every 10 ka, with five events recognised over the last 30 ka, a time interval for which stratigraphic records are more complete. The unstable nature of Mt. Taranaki mainly results from its weak internal composite structure including abundant saturated pyroclastic deposits and breccia layers, along with its growth on a weakly indurated and tectonically fractured basement of Tertiary mudstones and sandstones. As the edifice repeatedly grew beyond a critical stable height or profile, large-scale collapses were triggered by intrusions preceding magmatic activity, major eruptions, or significant regional tectonic fault movements. Clasts within debris-avalanche deposits were used as a series of windows into the composition of previous successive proto-Mt Taranaki edifices in order to examine magmatic controls on their failure. The diversity of lithologies and their geochemical characteristics are similar throughout the history of the volcano, with the oldest sample suites displaying a slightly broader range of compositions including more primitive rock types. The evolution to a narrower range and higher-silica compositions was accompanied by an increase in K2O. This shows that later melts progressively interacted with underplated amphibolitic material at the base of the crust. These gradual changes imply a long-term stability of the magmatic system. The preservation of similar internal conditions during the volcano’s evolution, hence suggests that external processes were the main driving force behind its cyclic growth and collapse behaviour and resulting sedimentation pattern.