Title: Development of doping and its prohibition in modern Olympism. Objectives: The main goal of the thesis is to present issues of doping. Partial goal is to outline the development of the modern Olympic Movement and to identify the principal points in the development of doping ban, which resulted in the current form of the anti-doping movement. Methods: This is a theoretical thesis. The scientific methods of historical research and document analysis were used to achieve the targets. Results: New substances and methods, that can improve athletic performance, are constantly discovered. However in case of excessive use, these substances can harm human body. Therefore it is necessary to guard their abuse. Unfortunately the biggest breakthroughs in doping prohibition came after athlete's deaths (caused by doping). International Olympic Committee played a fundamental role in the process of doping ban. IOC initiated establish of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. WADA currently provides a really efficient fight against doping in sport. Keywords: Doping, prohibited substances, anti-doping policy, Olympic Movement, IOC, WADA.

Title: ​Proportionality of a four-year ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations and its impact on professional athletes' careers Objectives: ​The aim of this thesis is to ascertain whether the four-year ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations has liquidation impact on professional athletes' careers. Methods: ​For quantitative research, I have used the electronic interrogation method and for qualitative research the in-depth semi-structured interview. Results: ​I have found that most athletes really do perceive a four-year ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations as disproportionate. Only 24 % of surveyed athletes said that a four-year ineligibility is an appropriate punishment. 82 % of surveyed athletes would end their careers after receiving a four-year ineligibility, and just 30 % of them think that It's realistic to go back to an active career after a four-year break. Moreover, athletes have consistently said that the most crucial obstacles to their return are financial distress, loss of motivation and lack of racing mode. On the basis of these results, I have also developed my own solution to ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations. Keywords: ​proportionality, sanction, ineligibility,...

Nach dem Prinzip synchronisierter Reimwörter wurde ein deutscher dichotischer Hörtest entwickelt und erprobt (Fused Words, FW10b). Die Reliabilitätskennwerte lagen für die innere Konsistenz bei alpha=0,89 und für die Re-Test-Reliabilität im Bereich von r-tt=0,67 bis r-tt=0,87. Der dichotische Test korrelierte hoch mit einem Paralleltest (r=.73, FW12k). In mehreren Untersuchungen fand sich keine Assoziation des dichotischen Lateralisationsergebnisses mit dem Hormonzyklus bei Frauen. Zwischen der Klassifikation im Wada-Test und der Klassifikation im dichotischen Test wurde eine hohe prozentuale Übereinstimmung beobachtet (91%). Auch in einer externen Studie wurde eine hohe Konkordanz mit einem fMRT Paradigma gefunden (97%, Hund-Georgiadis et al 2002). Unter Rechtshändern hatten 70% einen Rechts-Ohr-Vorteil, 23% einen Links-Ohr-Vorteil; bei 7% wurde kein Ohr-Vorteil beobachtet. Es bestand eine hohe Assoziation zwischen dem Lateralitätsquotient der Händigkeit und dem Lateralitätsindex Lambda aus dem dichotischen Test (R=0,76, r=0,72). Bei epilepsiechirurgischen Kandidaten mit links- oder rechtsseitigen Temporallappenläsionen, die alle durch einen Wada-Test als unilateral links-hemisphärisch sprachdominant kategorisiert worden waren, wurden Läsionseffekte analysiert (Hippocampus-Sklerose vs. extra-hippocampale Läsionen). Wie erwartet ergaben sich massive Läsionseffekte für die Patienten mit den Läsionen in der linken sprachdominanten Hemisphäre. In der linken extra-hippocampalen Untergruppe kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Rechts-Ohr-Punkte und gleichzeitig zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Links-Ohr-Punkte. Die Einbeziehung von neokortikalen und anderen extra-hippocampalen Strukturen in die temporalen Läsionen war von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Unterdrückung der Antworten vom kontralateralen (rechtsseitigen) Ohr. Die Zunahme der Links-Ohr-Punkte in der Gruppe mit linksseitigen extra-hippocampalen Läsionen deutet eine kompensatorische Verlagerung von Sprachfunktionen auf die rechte Hemisphäre an, die durch den Wada Test nicht erfasst wurde. / Following the principle of synchronized rhyming words a German dichotic listening test was developed and tested (fused words, FW10b). Reliability coefficients for the inner consistency were at alpha=0,89 and for the re-test-reliability between r-tt=0,67 and r-tt=0,87. The dichotic test FW10b was highly correlated with a parallel test (r=.73, FW12k). None of several studies did show any association between the dichotic language lateralization and the hormonal cycle in women. A high percentage of agreement was observed between the Wada classification and the classification by the dichotic test (91%). Furthermore Hund-Georgiadis et al. (2002) found a high percentage of concordance with the lateralization by a fMRI paradigm in an external study (97%). Among right-handers 70% showed a right ear advantage, 23% had a left ear advantage, and 7% had no ear advantage. There was a high association between the laterality quotient of the handedness inventory and the laterality index Lambda of the dichotic listening test FW10b (R=0.76, r=0.72). Lesion effects were analyzed in epilepsy surgical candidates with left and right temporal lobe lesions (hippocampus sclerosis vs. extra-hippocampal lesions), who were all categorized as left-hemispheric language dominant by a Wada-test. As expected, massive lesion effects were apparent in those patients who had their lesions in the left language dominant hemisphere. In the subgroup with left extra-hippocampal lesions there was a significant decrease of right-ear-points and at the same time a significant increase of left-ear-points. The involvement of neocortex and other extra-hippocampal structures in temporal lobe lesions were of crucial importance for the suppression of contralateral (right) ear responses. The elevation of left-ear-points in the left-lateral group indicated a partial compensational shift of language functions to the right hemisphere, which was not detected by the Wada procedure.