Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-117)

The concept of using multiple cavities walls systems (MCWS) and redistributed insulation in providing high thermal efficiency in walls while enhancing its capacity to control with intruded moisture was tested through four wall system designs. Twelve walls having fixed number of cavities were tested simultaneously with a reference wall for summer temperature and humidity conditions. Results show lower heat flow rates for MCWS walls with equally distributed polyisocyanurate insulation panels (50mm on both sides of a central cavity) as compared to the reference wall with RSI 2.29 (R-13) despite the evaporative air cavities present in the MCWS walls. Reduction in the indoor insulation to 25 mm resulted wider variation in recorded heat flow rate but still thermally efficient than the reference wall. MCWS walls with balanced but only 25 mm PIR insulation on both sides of the wall cavity showed variable performance. When PIR insulations (50mm) were placed only at the outer portion of the central wall cavity, the reference wall showed lower (better) flow rate than MCWS.

The frontier systems considered in the following work are defined as deliberately arranged preclusive cordons of forts and minor installations, generally supplemented in the second century by continuous barriers. It is argued that such systems only existed in the provinces of Britain, Upper Germany, Raetia and Dacia. Dacia is not treated in detail. The first chapter considers the date of origin and stages of development of the Upper German and Raetian land frontier before the Hadrianic period. Chapter 2 reviews the evidence for the daXe and existence of linear frontiers in Britain before Hadrian. A comparative study in Chapter 3 suggests the function and the historical significance of these earl .y linear systems. Chapter 4 discusses aspects of the Continental linear frontiers of the second century and presents a sector by sector description of the setting and distribution of their installations. This is complemented in Chapter 5 by a discussion of the Hadrianic and Antonine Walls in Britain. In particular the evidence for two periods of occupation in Antonine Scotland is examined in detail. It is concluded that the Antonine Wall was held for a single period. on the basis of the conclusions of Chapters 4 and 5, in Chapter 6 the second century frontiers are classified into types geared to varying intensities of frontier infiltration. Functions are suggested for individual frontier installations. The significance of the second century frontier walls is discussed, centring upon the question, broached in recent works on the subject, of whether these systems possessed any defensive or political rationale or were merely random by-products of aggressive Roman imperialism, military blunders and apathy. In Chapter 7 frontiers elsewhere in the empire are briefly examined to establish that (excepting Dacia), none displays a truly linear frontier system of the type characteristic of the provinces of northwest Europe.

The purpose of the thesis study is designing a visitor center which will be used by tourist who are visiting the city and as well as the by the people who lives in the city. Therefore the visitor center will be functioned as a city center in the middle of the most important tourist attraction location of Istanbul. Besides functioning as a city center project will analyze the most important architecture element of 21st century, curtain wall. / Master of Architecture

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