The effects of weight training on the strength, power and size of arm flexor muscles in older women and the relationship between physical self-efficacy and changes in strength and power were investigated. Being reasonably strong is clearly desirable for older women to be able to live independently and safely; both strength and power are important. Although most older people living alone are women, very little research has been concerned with strength or power, or with training for strength, in older women. A 2 (experimental and control groups) x 2 (before and after training) experimental design was used. Subjects (N = 68) were randomly assigned to the 2 groups. Right arm strength (6RM), peak power, fat-free cross-sectional area (FCA), and Physical Self-efficacy (PSE) were measured before and after 12 weeks training, which was carried out at home. The experimental group trained elbow flexors 3 times a week, using dumbells; the control group trained for increased flexibility, for a similar amount of time weekly. For various reasons (no-shows, drop-outs, medical, incomplete cases) only 50 cases were available for analysis, 30 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. Eighteen of these 50 subjects had initially reported minor disorders such as controlled hypertension or joint problems. Adherence was approximately 92%. In the experimental group, 6RM increased 20% more than in the control group, but peak power was slightly lower in both groups. There was no change in FCA. PSE was not correlated with the increase in 6RM, but was significantly linearly correlated with peak power. These results, and particularly the different response to training for strength and power in this group, are discussed. The mean reduction in peak power over the training period was not expected; possible reasons are discussed. The expectation of a relationship between PSE and changes in physical performance was not realized, although there was a statistically significant correlation between PSE and peak power. Possible reasons for this are discussed. In general, it was concluded that, after twelve weeks of training, the increase in weight-lifting performance using arm flexors: -shows that older women can, through a simple programme of progressive weight training done at home, improve the amount of weight they can lift -was not accompanied by hypertrophy of arm flexors -was not accompanied by an increase in peak power of the arm flexors -was not related to physical self-efficacy as measured In this study. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the squat kinematics and kinetics while wearing two different types of footwear. Ten men that compete at a collegiate level of powerlifting participated in the study. The participants performed the squat in both Chuck Taylor (flat soled) and Adidas (raised heel) shoes 3 times per shoe at 80% of 1 RM. During the testing sessions, sagittal plane kinematics of the shank were measured using 2-D video analysis. A force plate was used to measure the ground reaction forces of the right foot. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the medial lateral ground reaction forces (raised heel 63.58 N, flat soled 65.79 N), or the shank angles (raised heel 67.4 degrees, flat soled 65.7 degrees) of the participants. In conclusion, the participants were able to accommodate for a 1 inch raised heel in their shoe without altering shank position of medial-lateral ground reaction forces. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The primary purpose of this study is to use three-dimensional motion analysis to determine and compare certain kinematic joint and segmental variables at defined events (bar off and knee passing) between the conventional and sumo styles of deadlifts. The secondary purpose of this study is to investigate bar path profiles and vertical bar velocity patterns (including attempting to determine a "sticking region") and compare these variables between the two styles and two sub-maximal loads (50% and 75%). Five subjects performed each style at each load. Each trial was filmed, digitized, and imported for 3-D reconstruction. This data was utilized to determine hip, knee, inter-thigh, trunk, thigh, and shank angles at bar off and knee passing; bar path profiles; and bar velocity values (including determining the "sticking region"). A two way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the two styles for most joint and segmental variables at both events and the range between the two events. There was a significant difference between the two styles for total time and horizontal and vertical bar displacement. Only one trial showed a sticking region. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that kinematic differences do occur between the two styles of deadlifts at submaximal loads. A sticking region does not appear to occur at loads of 75% of a 1 rep maximum or less. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of post exercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake on the rate of muscle glycogen restorage after high intensity weight resistance exercise in untrained subjects. In a cross over design, eight male subjects performed sets (mean= 8.8) of 6 single leg knee extensions at 70% of one repletion max until 50% of full knee extension was no longer possible. Total force application was equated between trials using a strain gauge interfaced to a computer. Post exercise supplementation was administered at 0 and 1 hrs consisting of either a 23% CHO solution (1.5g•kg-1•hr-1) or an equal volume of water (H20). Total force production, pre-exercise muscle glycogen content, and degree of depletion (-40.6 and -44.3 mmol•kg-1) were not significantly different between H2O and CHO trials, respectively. During the initial 2 hrs recovery, the CHO trial had a significantly greater rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis as compared to the H2O trial. In the final 4 hrs of recovery no difference in repletion rates were observed. The glycogen content (mmol•kg-1 w.w.) and rates of restorage (mmol•kg-1 w.w.) during the recovery period were (mean + SE):TrialPost2 Hr6 HrRate (0-2 hrs)H2O101.3+ 13.1105.1+ 13.1105.5+ 13.01.3+ 2.2CHO91.7+ 11.8117.6+ 16.5123.4+ 15.1 *12.9+ 4.0*significance between trials, p <0.01Only the CHO supplementation trial restored pre-exercise muscle glycogen content after 6 hrs. The spectrophotometric analysis of glycogen stained muscle sections (PAS) indicated no difference between trials in the pre and post glycogen content for Type I and II fibers. The change in absorbance, when these samples were combined demonstrate greater glycogenolysis in the Type II (0.284 + 0.58) as compared to Type I (0.014 ± 0.076). During the recovery period, the change in absorbance supports greater glycogenesis in the Type II ( 0.096 + 0.060) when compared to no observed change in absorbance in the Type I fibers.Supported by a grant from Ross Laboratories. / Human Performance Laboratory

Skeletal muscle glycogenolysis was investigated in eight subjects during both high (HI) (70% 1 RM) and low (LO) intensity (35% 1 RM) leg extension weight-resistance exercise. Total force application to the machine lever arm was determined and equated between trials via a strain gauge and computer interfaced system. After the sixth set, muscle glycogen degradation was similar in the HI and LO trials (46.9 ± 6.6 and 46.6 ± 6.0 mmol•kg-1 wet wt, respectively), with the LO trial characterized by almost double the repetitions (6.0 and 12.7 ± 1.1) and half the peak concentric torque per repetition (24.2 ± 1.0 and 12.4 ± 0.5). After the sixth set, muscle lactate accumulation was also similar (13.8 ± 0.7 and 16.7 ± 4.2 mmol•kg-1 wet wt for HI and LO trials, respectively). After two hours of passive recovery with no feedings, muscle glycogen storage during the HI and LO trials was 22.2 (±6.8) and 14.2 (±2.5) mmol•kg-1 wet wt, respectively These values represented glycogen synthesis rates of 11.1 (±3.4) and 7.1 (±1.3) mmol•kg-1 •hr-1 , and occurred without significant increases in blood glucose relative to resting concentrations. Optical absorbance measurement of PAS stained muscle sections revealed no differences in the glycogen content of fast (FT) and slow twitch (ST) fibers between trials. When data from each trial were combined, declines in absorbance were larger in FT than ST fibers after the sixth set (0.356 ± 0.048) than in slow twitch fibers (0.222 ± 0.039, p < 0.05). The increase in absorbanceduring the two hour recovery was also larger in FT than ST fibers (0.119 ± 0.024 and 0.055 ± 0.024, p < 0.05). When total force application was constant, muscle glycogenolysis was the same regardless of the intensity of resistance exercise. Glycogenolysis was greater in fast twitch fibers, as was glycogen storage during the immediate post-exercise recovery. The relatively high rate of glycogen synthesis after exercise may be evidence of glycogenesis from intramuscular metabolites. / Human Performance Laboratory

Thesis (M.S.)--Springfield College, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Memphis, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-43). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Purdue University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-52). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.