In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, endocytosis comprises bulk uptake (fluids and membranes) and receptor-mediated internalisation (membrane proteins). Both processes require efficient actin filament assembly. Key factors that nucleate the assembly of actin filaments are the Arp2/3 complex and a number of NPFs (Nucleation Promoting Factors), which are responsible for temporal and spatial regulation of Arp2/3 activity. In yeast, in addition to Las17p, the orthologue of WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), one type I unconventional myosin (Myo5p) exhibits strong NPF activity through coordination with the WH2 (WASP Homology 2) domain containing protein Vrp1p, the yeast orthologue of WIP (WASP Interacting Protein). Here, we identified another key Vrp1p domain (Hof One Trap/HOT), which binds directly to the SH3 domain of the cytokinesis protein Hof1p, is important for Vrp1p function in vivo. The key function of the Vrp1p HOT domain is to counteract the inhibitory effect of the Hof1p SH3 domain in Myo5p-stimulated actin assembly and endocytosis. We have also revealed a novel actin monomer binding domain (VH2) in Vrp1p, which is functionally redundant with the WH2 domain. Receptormediated endocytosis requires stable interaction of Vrp1p with Las17p. However, we find that bulk uptake of fluid and membrane takes place without Vrp1p-Las17p association and requires only functional WH2 and HOT domains of Vrp1p. Finally, we identified a number of other potential Hof1p SH3 domain interactors using an affinity isolation approach and compared this interaction profile with those of several other yeast SH3 domains. The unique Vrp1p-Hof1p interaction pattern allows us to gain insight into the pathology of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

<p>Cellular processes like motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and morphogenesis are dependent on the dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. This cytoskeleton system is tightly controlled by a number of diverse actin-binding proteins (ABPs) by various mechanisms described as nucleation, polymerization, capping, severing, depolymerization and sequestration. The ABPs are grouped based on sequence identity as in the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein homology domain 2 (WH2), and the calponin homology domain (CH) containing proteins.</p><p>In this work, we elucidate the crystal structures of hybrids of gelsolin domain 1 with thymosin β4, ciboulot domain 2, and the second WH2 domain of N-WASP each bound to actin. We show that the single WH2 motif containing protein thymosin β4 in part sequesters actin by binding its pointed end via a C-terminal helix. This interaction prevents the addition of bound actin protomers to the barbed end of the filament. We propose that sequence variations in some WH2 motifs conferred F-actin binding ability to multiple repeat-containing proteins. These F-actin binding domains interact with the barbed end of a filament and the adjacent WH2 motifs are then freed to add their bound actin to the growing filament end. We demonstrate the binding of ciboulot domains 2 and 3 to both G- and F-actin and that full length ciboulot is capable of binding two actin monomers simultaneously. </p><p>We have also cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized rod domains 14-16 from the actin crosslinking protein a-filamin. Preliminary X-ray crystallography data gives us hope that we shall be able to solve the structure of this triple domain repeat.</p>

Cellular processes like motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and morphogenesis are dependent on the dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. This cytoskeleton system is tightly controlled by a number of diverse actin-binding proteins (ABPs) by various mechanisms described as nucleation, polymerization, capping, severing, depolymerization and sequestration. The ABPs are grouped based on sequence identity as in the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein homology domain 2 (WH2), and the calponin homology domain (CH) containing proteins. In this work, we elucidate the crystal structures of hybrids of gelsolin domain 1 with thymosin β4, ciboulot domain 2, and the second WH2 domain of N-WASP each bound to actin. We show that the single WH2 motif containing protein thymosin β4 in part sequesters actin by binding its pointed end via a C-terminal helix. This interaction prevents the addition of bound actin protomers to the barbed end of the filament. We propose that sequence variations in some WH2 motifs conferred F-actin binding ability to multiple repeat-containing proteins. These F-actin binding domains interact with the barbed end of a filament and the adjacent WH2 motifs are then freed to add their bound actin to the growing filament end. We demonstrate the binding of ciboulot domains 2 and 3 to both G- and F-actin and that full length ciboulot is capable of binding two actin monomers simultaneously. We have also cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized rod domains 14-16 from the actin crosslinking protein a-filamin. Preliminary X-ray crystallography data gives us hope that we shall be able to solve the structure of this triple domain repeat.

Les domaines thymosineβ/WH2 sont une famille de protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées impliqués dans le remodelage du cytosquelette d’actine. Ces domaines de 20 à 50 acides aminés existent seuls ou au sein de protéines modulaires, isolés ou répétés. Ils exercent de nombreuses fonctions : ils séquestrent des monomères d’actine, promeuvent l’assemblage du filament, nucléent, fragmentent et coiffent les filaments. Tous les domaines WH2 interagissent de manière similaire avec l’actine via une hélice amphipathique N-terminale suivie d’un brin central et d’une région C-terminal plus ou moins longue et dynamique. Une étude antérieure a montré que la fonction des domaines βT/WH2 isolés était liée à la dynamique du complexe avec l’actine déterminée par une combinaison d’interactions intermoleculaires le long de l’ensemble de la séquence. Les mécanismes expliquant la multifonctionnalité des domaines WH2 répétés restent vagues. Ce travail de thèse présente tout d’abord la production d’actine recombinante, sauvage et mutée dans le système baculovirus/Sf9 pour la biologie structurale ainsi que le développement de stratégies de marquage isotopique en cellules d’insectes. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à la caractérisation structurale et dynamique de domaines WH2 seules en solution : deux domaines isolés et deux protéines contenant deux domaines WH2. Les hélices amphipathiques N-terminales sont partiellement repliées avec des populations variant selon les protéines. La préstructuration des régions C-terminales est plus variable, complètement désordonnée ou partiellement hélicoïdale selon les protéines. La dernière partie présente l’étude de l’interaction de ces protéines avec l’actine. / WH2 domains are a family of intrinsically disordered proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling. These short domains, isolated or repeated in various actin binding proteins display a low sequence identity and a large panel of functions such as sequestration of actin monomers, promotion of unidirectional assembly, nucleation, fragmentation, filament capping. All WH2 domains fold similarly upon actin binding. They form an extended interface along actin, with an amphipathic N-terminal helix followed by an extended central strand and a more dynamic C-terminal region. Previous work on single βT/WH2 domains showed that function was linked to the dynamics of the complex with actin which is determined by a combination of intermolecular interactions throughout the sequence. The multifunctionality of WH2 tandem repeats is still elusive. The present work first describes production of recombinant wild-type and mutant actin in insect cells and isotopic 15N-labeling for NMR spectroscopy. As a first step to gain insight into the folding upon binding mechanism of functionally different WH2 repeats, we investigated the conformational behavior of two single domains and two tandem repeats free in solution by NMR. The N-terminal amphipatic helix is partially formed but with various propensities depending on the proteins while the C-terminal region that may form an helix in the complex may be either completely disordered or partially formed in absence of actin. Investigation of WH2:actin interaction for the same four proteins is described in the last chapter.