The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulative therapy on the wrist, in treating lateral epicondylitis. It also aimed to determine the effectiveness of Mills’ manipulation applied to elbow, and whether adjusting both the elbow and the wrist would be more effective than simply adjusting the elbow or the wrist in isolation. Thirty patients suffering from lateral epicondylitis who conformed to specific diagnostic criteria were accepted for the trial. The patients were stratified according to age and sex and placed into three groups of ten. The first group received chiropractic manipulative therapy directed to the wrist. The second group received chiropractic manipulative therapy directed to the elbow complex, and the third group received chiropractic manipulative therapy directed at both areas. The treatment consisted of four sessions over a period of 2 weeks. The groups were assessed and compared in terms of objective and subjective measurements to determine the most beneficial treatment. The data was collected at the beginning of each treatment session. Subjective data consisted of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale 101 (Vernon in Liebenson, 1996:61) and the short form Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1987:192), which assessed patients’ discomfort levels. Objective data was collected by means of the Jamar Grip Strength Dynamometer (Kaufman, 2000:619) and the Pressure Algometer (Fischer, 1987:213), which measured the grip strength and pressure pain threshold respectively. The results showed that both wrist and Mills’ manipulation in isolation as well as in combination are beneficial in treating lateral epicondylitis, in that they all showed subjective and objective improvements. The Mills’ manipulation alone and in combination with wrist manipulations had superior clinical effects compared to the wrist manipulations in isolation. The statistical results of the inter-group analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the outcomes of the wrist manipulation, Mills’ manipulation and combined treatment protocols and therefore none are expressly recommended above the other. / Dr. C. Yelverton Dr. C. Lyons

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, etiology and types of injuries to permanent incisors among schoolchildren aged 10-14 years from Maseru, Lesotho. Upper and lower permanent incisors were examined for dental injuries. / South Africa

A dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 2001. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation alone compared to chiropractic manipulation in conjunction with gastrocnemius and soleus stretching in the treatment of subacute and chronic grade I and II ankle inversion sprains / M

As management of forests and parks intensifies, pruning of conifers becomes more common. Thus understanding the role of wounds as possible entry courts for decay fungi is vital. In order to study some aspects of this, three natural stands, one in New Brunswick and two in Nova Scotia, which had been pruned 4 to 7 years earlier by industrial or displaced workers, were examined. Five pruned and two unpruned balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) trees from each stand were dissected; cultural isolations were taken from 207 knots where pruning had caused little or no apparent damage to the bole, and from 169 blazes resulting from less careful prunings. All 15 pruned trees, ranging in age from 23 to 42 years, had decay attributable to pruning which averaged 1.7% of the stem volume. This incidence and volume of decay exceeds that recorded in unpruned trees 40 to 60 years old in New Brunswick. Axe blazes were the major entry court for decay-causing fungis basidiomycetes were associated with 12% of the blazes and with 5% of the more carefully pruned knots. Neither stem nor butt decay was found in the unpruned trees. In a further study, 7 branches on each of 30 balsam fir trees near Fredericton, N. B. were experimentally axe pruned; some carefully, some carelessly; both during tree dormancy and during wet and dry periods of active growth. Thirty additional branches were saw pruned. At periods of 2 to 3 weeks, 5 to 7 months and 17 to 19 months after pruning, cultures were made in the field from 70 of the pruning wounds. Within 2 weeks of the latter period, the trees were dissected, measured and further cultures were made in the laboratory from the same 70 wounds. Eighteen months after pruning, 28 of 30 trees had decay averaging 3.9% of stem volume and basidiomycetes were isolated from 22 (31%) of 70 wounds. In the controls butt decay only occurred in 4 of 10 trees. These studies show: (l) that blazes into sapwood (careless pruning) were more frequently infected than those where little or no sapwood was exposed; (2) the incidence of infection was least in branches pruned during the dry period and about equal for those pruned in the wet-active and dormant periods; and (3) the successional pattern began with imperfect fungi and bacteria, and terminated with decay fungi. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

In many social orders of the world the broken family core is an unfortunate and common reality, leading to an ever growing presence of homeless children, mothers, or fathers. South Africa is not a stranger to this phenomenon, despite the fact that it is viewed as a country with one of the most progressive constitutions regarding gender equality. Daily shocking statistics show a lack of family values, guidance, and respect for the human race, further emphasising a society where people and families feel no restraint in harming a child, woman or man. The South African society as a whole is losing touch with itself and government is not realizing the impact of their conveyed message of disregard, when “for every 400 rapes reported last year - 17 became official cases, 1 perpetrator was convicted and for every perpetrator convicted, 1 case docket was lost or sold.” (Internet: Access 13 February) This type of social degradation affects us all when the offenders and victims become the next string in our complicated lattice of a social fabric. If one is to see the family dynamic and children as a whole as being bound to us through the familial concept of Ubuntu, creating the link between social and family factors affecting the population as a whole, then we are all responsible in the struggle against the all too typical cycle. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Architecture / unrestricted

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No / Oxygen has a crucial role in wound healing; 97% of chronic, non-healing wounds have been shown to have low oxygen levels (Hauser, 1987). Topical oxygen therapy has been shown to be effective in treating non-healing wounds, but is still underutilised. A working group of key opinion leaders met in February 2015 to determine the potential role of topical haemoglobin in non-healing wounds and to develop a clear decision-making pathway for clinical practice, as well as sharing practical tips for use. The group’s consensus recommendations on appropriate use are presented here.

No / The aim of this study was to estimate the patterns of care and annual levels of health care resource use attributable to the management of different wound types by UK’s National Health Service (NHS) in 2012/2013 and the annual costs incurred by the NHS in managing them. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of the records of 2000 patients in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) Database. Patients’ characteristics, wound-related health outcomes and all health care resource use were quanti ed, and the total NHS cost of patient management was estimated at 2013/2014 prices. The NHS managed an estimated 2⋅2 million patients with a wound during 2012/2013. Patients were predominantly managed in the community by general practitioners and nurses. The annual NHS cost varied between £1⋅94 billion for managing 731 000 leg ulcers and £89⋅6 million for managing 87 000 burns. Sixty-one percent of all wounds were shown to heal in an average year. Resource use associated with managing the unhealed wounds was substantially greater than that of managing the healed wounds (e.g. 20% more practice nurse visits, 104% more community nurse visits). Consequently, the annual cost of managing wounds that healed in the study period was estimated to be £2⋅1 billion compared with £3⋅2 billion for the 39% of wounds that did not heal within the study year. Within the study period, the cost per healed wound ranged from £698 to £3998 per patient and that of an unhealed wound ranged from £1791 to £5976 per patient. Hence, the patient care cost of an unhealed wound was a mean 135% more than that of a healed wound. Real-world evidence highlights the substantial burden that wounds impose on the NHS in an average year. Clinical and economic bene ts to both patients and the NHS could accrue from strategies that focus on (a) wound prevention, (b) accurate diagnosis and (c) improving wound-healing rates. / NIHR, Bradford Institute for Health Research, 3M United Kingdom Plc, Activa Healthcare Ltd, Brightwake Limited, KCI Medical Limited, Longhand Data, Medira Limited, Mölnlycke Health Care Limited, Park House Healthcare Limited, Pulsecare Medical Limited, Smith and Nephew Medical Limited, Sozo Woundcare Limited, Systagenix Wound Management Limited, Trio Healthcare, Urgo Limited, Willingsford Limited