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Canada in the early twentieth century was a profoundly religious nation, with nearly 95 percent of the population identifying as Christians. The churches were important nation-building institutions, active in social welfare and education, but they also played a more intimate role in the lives of Canadians, determining moral values, providing social gathering points, and offering emotional and spiritual support in difficult times. Throughout the Great War (1914-1918), the churches continued to fulfill these important functions, providing an ideological framework that helped people make sense of the war, understand their duties as both Canadians and Christians, and cope with the sacrifices required of them. This dissertation examines the four major Canadian denominations (Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, and Anglicanism) in French- and English-speaking Canada. It looks first to establish the varying justifications offered for the war by the churches before using them to contextualize the variety of activities undertaken on behalf of the war effort, activities which included prayer and considerable charitable giving in addition to military service. It then examines the difficult final years of the war. In 1917, as conscription divided English and French Canada over the extent of the commitment to the overseas war effort, differing ideas of imperialism, internationalism, and the division between the moral and the political brought conflict both within and between denominations. Finally, an attempt is made to consider how the churches played a role in mourning the war-dead and imbuing the hoped-for peace with a meaning sufficient to justify the immense sacrifices. By using the churches as an interpretive model, this dissertation adds nuance to the Canadian historiography of the Great War, looking beyond the military effort to the experiences of the home front. It also looks to bring together the histories of French and English Canadians, showing the ways in which French-speaking Catholics supported the war in their own way and illuminating some of the conflicting interpretations of the war held by otherwise supportive English-speaking Canadians.

IN ENGLISH Iconography and Nationalism: The comparison of the First World War memorials in Budapest and Prague The purpose of the present thesis is to compare the national iconography appearing on Czech and Hungarian WW1 memorials. The political power symbolically occupied the public spaces by the WW1 memorials while expressing its national propaganda after the Great War. It was an attempt inducting sensitive questions since the dead heroes of the nation were dead sons of the families at the same time. For this reason the making of memorials is connected to individual and collective grief. This grief resulted in a glorious narrative in Czechoslovakia, while in Hungary th death of soldiers represented the death of the nation in the discourse on the political level. How can this process be expressed and how can it be researched? On the one hand, commemorations are situated in space, and space is an implicit content of WW1 memorials. As a consequence, it is important to analyse the spatial context of the monuments. On the other hand, the explicit content of the monuments is their visuality. In order to analyse and compare the iconographies, it is useful to transform the symbols into a countable form by applying the content analysis method. Furthermore, for interpreting the symbols, it is necessary to...

The Canadian National Memorial Site, near Vimy, Artois, France, commemorates the WWI Battle of Vimy Ridge; where all four divisions of the young Canadian Corps fought together with the British Forces to liberate the French ridge. Today, trench systems and an extensive subterranean network of tunnels underlie the gentle landscape of the park, which is visited each year by hundreds of thousands of tourists. Failure within these excavations is expressed as local subsidence and is potentially hazardous to the public. The following research identifies the geologic factors that influence instability in the excavations and how these factors vary both with depth and lateral extent. The Artois region of northern France is underlain by Upper Cretaceous chalk with a thin veneer of Paleocene sediments. Structure is dominated by the northwest-southeast trending Weald-Boulonnais anticlinorium. Three principle geological controls govern failure within the excavations at the Vimy site; lithologic variations, structural geometry and carbonate dissolution. An extensive stratigraphic study identified variable horizons such as chalk marls, nodular chalks, hardgrounds and flint seams, which affect the strength, permeability and structure of the rockmass. Structural geometry in the chalk varies with depth and clay content. Orthogonal fracture patterns are typical in pure carbonate rockmasses whereas inclined conjugate sets occur in clay-rich chalk. Three failure mechanisms were observed in the Vimy excavations that vary with structure and lithology. Beam failure via block fall-out is observed in pure chalk with subhorizontal and subvertical structures. Ravelling, the upward propagation of roof failure, is typical of closely spaced inclined jointing, and is also observed in shallow clay-rich lithologies. Finally, dissolution pipes occur at the intersection lineations of conjugate joint sets, and are also typical of clay-rich lithologies. Dissolution by meteoric groundwater is identified as the third geologic control and results in a decrease of intact strength, weakening of joint surfaces and overall loss of confinement in the rockmass, thereby initiating the failure modes described previously. These extensive geologic studies pinpoint the origins and variability of instability in the rockmass at the Vimy site. / Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2007-12-21 11:08:16.522

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF ASHLEY GREEN, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English, presented on November 5, 2012, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: TRAUMA INSCRIBED ON THE BODY IN PAT BARKER'S REGENERATION TRILOGY MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Michael Molino In the nineties, British writer, Pat Barker, completed a sequence of novels entitled The Regeneration Trilogy in which she set to the task of understanding trauma in relation to our notions, or mis-notions rather, of WWI. In this trilogy, the author does not simply engage a discussion of the past through the integration of historical figures, personal recordings, and accurate accounts of society and the Western Front during 1917-1918; but through the complexity of her characters' personalities and lives a rather comprehensive evaluation of trauma and its effects on the subject emerges. In the initial book in her sequence, Regeneration, Barker is specifically interested in the ways in which the physical symptoms of war neurosis communicate the nature of an internal crisis, and how those very same manifestations enlighten our understanding of the obstacles of traumatic communication. Dr. Rivers's role as a therapist who endorses the "Talking Cure" establishes language as the key element to the process recovery, proposing, then, it is through a dialectical relationship that the wound[ed] can speak; language, for Barker, is the link reconnecting individuals to their trauma, subjects to their past and present selves, and, ultimately, the soul to its body. It is really through the process of integrating history and fiction that the author is able to evaluate the full breadth of Great Britain's traumatization during WWI. As Barker moves through her trilogy, her observations of trauma increase in scope as Dr. Rivers moves from Craiglockhart, Scotland, ultimately, to London working at the Empire Hospital with Dr. Henry Head. Initially, Dr. Rivers treats specifically shell-shocked soldiers but by The Eye in the Door, Rivers begins treating officers of a different branch, pilots of the Royal Flying Corps; and by the final book in the sequence, The Ghost Road, the doctor applies his clinical theories to both physically and emotionally damaged patients. In direct relation to Dr. Rivers's greater perspective, Barker also brings to light her observations of total traumatization by depicting her female characters as subverted elements of society and locales of crisis. In addition, Barker represents culture as one that also displays obvious clues of violence and traumatization. Ultimately, Barker does all this to make a comprehensive observation of trauma: the physical always reveals evidence of its experience. Through reading the material of -- and written on the body--we can only begin to understand fully the complex nature of trauma and the way in which it has entirely disrupted, yet composed our historical identities.

In recent years renewed efforts have been made to enforce the edict of family responsibility, culminating in the enactment of the Child Support Act, 1991. Under this legislation, the duty of absent fathers to provide for their former families has been reinforced which great rigour. The primary aim of this study is to see if the outcomes of this Act could have been predicted through an historical analysis of past precedent. The period from 1900-1940 is investigated for comparison with the present day. Statutory measures which attempted to ensure that fathers complied with court orders were also enacted in these years. Moreover, they were passed in a political, economic and moral climate not dissimilar to the 1980s and 1990s. Through an examination of archival sources, this study looks at the reasons why governments then were anxious to find ways of preventing lone mother families from becoming a burden on central or local finances - and why they believed their support should not be the responsibility of the community. It then explores the outcome of these measures in terms of their success, or otherwise, from an administrative and financial perspective. Following a similar examination of the Child Support Act, a comparative analysis of efforts to reinforce the financial duty of absent fathers in both the early and late twentieth century is undertaken. From these findings it is concluded that important lessons from the past have been ignored at our peril.

This thesis examines how the modern weaponry shaped the American soldiers’ use of weaponry and the change of tactics during World War I. The American experience was unique as Britain, France, and Germany grew accustomed to the advancements in weaponry over time, while the American Expeditionary Force encountered this type of warfare for the first time. The American Army served mainly as a constabulary, fighting guerilla forces before the war, and had to be trained to fight a conventional war in Europe. The common soldiers would modify official doctrine to fit the realities of the battlefield in which they found themselves.

Successful fertilization depends upon the activation of metaphase II arrested oocytes by sperm-borne oocyte activating factor (SOAF). Failure of oocyte activation is considered as the cause of treatment failure in a proportion of infertile couples. SOAF induces the release of intracellular calcium in oocyte which leads to meiotic resumption and pronuclear formation. Calcium release is either in the form of single calcium transient in echinoderm and amphibian oocytes or several calcium oscillations in ascidian and mammalian oocytes. Although the SOAF attributes are established, it is not clear which sperm protein(s) play such role. Sperm postacrosomal WW binding protein (PAWP) satisfies a developmental criteria set for a candidate SOAF. This study shows that recombinant human PAWP protein or its transcript acts upstream of calcium release and fully activates the amphibian and mammalian oocytes. Interference trials provided evidence for the first time that PAWP mediates sperm-induced intracellular calcium release through a PPXY/WWI domain module in Xenopus, mouse and human oocytes. Clinical applications of PAWP were further investigated by prospective study on the sperm samples from patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). PAWP expression level, analyzed by flow cytometry, was correlated to ICSI success rate and embryonic development. This study also explored the developmental expression of the other SOAF candidate, PLCζ in male reproductive system and its function during fertilization. Our findings showed for the first time that PLCζ most likely binds to the sperm head surface during epididymal passage and is expressed in epididymis. We demonstrated that PLCζ is also compartmentalized early in spermiogenesis and thus could play an important role during spermiogenesis. Detailed analysis of in vitro fertilization revealed that PLCζ disappears from sperm head during acrosome reaction and is not detectable during sperm incorporation into the oocyte cytoplasm. In conclusion, this dissertation provides evidence for the essential non-redundant role of sperm PAWP in amphibian and mammalian fertilization; recommends PAWP as a biomarker for prediction of ICSI outcomes in infertile couples; and proposes that sperm PLCζ may have functions other than inducing oocyte activation during fertilization. / Thesis (Ph.D, Anatomy & Cell Biology) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-29 23:45:35.395