L'identification passive d'un système réside dans l'estimation des paramètres qui décrivent ce système uniquement à l'aide de sollicitations ambiantes. Dans le génie civil, cette discipline est appliquée pour le suivi de l'état de santé des structures, on parle de SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) passif. Le SHM passif est généralement réalisé à l'aide d'une instrumentation déployée en surface. La thèse s'est intéressée aux possibilités offertes par une instrumentation qui serait enfouie. Dans une première partie, on établit les résultats associés à l'identification passive des milieux visco-élastiques. L'originalité de ces travaux réside dans la prise en compte d'un modèle de dissipation réaliste, la viscosité, ainsi que du caractère vectoriel des ondes élastiques. Ces résultats théoriques sont validés expérimentalement et démontrent la portabilité du SHM passif en surface au SHM passif en volume. Dans une deuxième partie, on s'intéresse à deux problèmes attachés à l'enfouissement de capteurs: l'estimation passive de leur position (problème SNL, Sensor Network Location problem) et de leur attitude (problème SNA, Sensor Network Attitude problem). Ces problèmes sont résolus grâce à l'identification passive qui fournit, en plus d'information physique sur le milieu, des informations géométriques sur le réseau. En particulier, on peut estimer des distances et des attitudes relatives entre capteurs. A l'aide de ces informations partielles et bruitées, des algorithmes de résolution des problèmes SNL et SNA ont été développés puis validés expérimentalement. Enfin, on synthétise l'apport de la thèse et on identifie les verrous technologiques à lever afin de justifier la faisabilité de l'enfouissement d'un réseau de capteurs dans le but de faire du SHM passif. / Passive identification of a system relies on the estimation of the parameters which describe that system only by using ambient sources. In civil engineering, we can apply this technique to monitor the state of health of structures. This is called passive SHM (Structural Health Monitoring). Passive SHM is generally realised by using an instrumentation distributed on the surface. This thesis focuses on the possibility given by the use of an embedded instrumentation.In the first part, we establish new results associated to passive identification in visco-elastic media. The originality of this work relies on the consideration of a realistic dissipation model, the viscosity, and the vectorial aspect of elastic waves. Those theoretical results, which are experimentally validated, prove the portability of surface passive SHM to volume passive SHM. In the second part, we focus on two problems related to an embedded sensors network: the passive estimation of sensors position (SNL problem - Sensor Network Location problem) and attitude (SNA problem - Sensor Network Attitude problem). Those problems are solved by using passive identification which gives, besides physical information on the medium, geometrical information on the network. In particular, we can estimate the distances and relative attitudes between sensors. With that partial and noisy information we have developed algorithms solving SNL and SNA problems and we have validated them experimentally.At last, we synthesize the contribution of the thesis and we identify the technological locks to release in order to justify the feasibility of passive SHM using an embedded instrumentation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:15:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlenePSF_DISSERT.pdf: 1687677 bytes, checksum: 1148ebf1be9615049fa1952b3098a785 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The aim of this work is to derive theWard Identity for the low energy effective theory of a fermionic system in the presence of a hyperbolic Fermi surface coupled with a U(1) gauge field in 2+1 dimensions. These identities are important because they establish requirements for the theory to be gauge invariant. We will see that the identity associated Ward Identity (WI) of the model is not preserved at 1-loop order. This feature signalizes the presence of a quantum anomaly. In other words, a classical symmetry is broken dynamically by quantum fluctuations. Furthermore, we are considering that the system is close to a Quantum Phase Transitions and in vicinity of a Quantum Critical Point the fermionic excitations near the Fermi surface, decay through a Landau damping mechanism. All this ingredients need to be take explicitly to account and this leads us to calculate the vertex corrections as well as self energies effects, which in this way lead to one particle propagators which have a non-trivial frequency dependence / Nesse trabalho derivamos e checamos a Identidade de Ward (IW) para uma teoria efetiva de baixas energias de um sistema fermi?nico acoplado a um campo de gauge U(1), em 2+1 dimens?es, na presen?a de uma superf?cie de Fermi parab?lica. As identitades deWard s?o muito importantes pois, estabelecem requisitos para que a teoria efetiva seja invariante de gauge. Veremos que a IW n?o ? preservada em ordem de 1-loop. Isto caracteriza a presen?a de uma an?malia qu?ntica. Assim, uma simetria cl?ssica ? destruida dinamicamente por flutua??es qu?nticas. O nosso sistema f?sico se encontra na vizinhan?a de um Ponto Cr?tico Qu?ntico. Portanto, as excita??es fermi?nicas, que se situam pr?ximo a superf?cie de Fermi, decaem com o tempo, produzindo assim um amortecimento de Landau. Todos esses ingredientes de um regime de forte acoplamento devem ser levados em conta. E em fun??o disso calcularemos as corre??es de v?rtice e os efeitos das auto-energias, que dessa forma fazem com que os propagadores de uma part?cula da teoria dependam da frequ?ncia de uma forma n?o-trivial