Thesis (Masters)--University of Washington, 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 7, 2010). "June 2010." Facsimile reprint. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. in landscape architecture)--Washington State University, May 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-99).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A. in economics)--Washington State University, May 2007.

The Red Mountain formation (Lower Pennsylvanian?) of the Chilliwack group (Carboniferous) was mapped in five areas of northwestern Washington. Except for a few outcrops of Devonian strata, the formation represents the oldest known sedimentary rocks in this region. It consists primarily of argillite, graywacke, chert, tuff and limestone, and is overlain by conglomerate of the Black Mountain formation (Lower Permian). The base of the formation is nowhere exposed. Correlation of the Red Mountain formation is dependent essentially on the presence of large crinoid stems, foraminifera, and similarity of stratigraphic relationships. Limestones of the upper portion of the formation represent deposition under conditions of marked tectonic stability, whereas enclosing strata are indicative of deposition in an unstable, subsiding realm. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Archaeocyathids are an extinct group of animals that lived and thrived in the warm, clear marine waters of the Lower Cambrian. In general shape, they resemble rugose corals, but in skeletal details, numerous differences between these groups exist, i.e. inner and outer walls, central cavities, parieties, etc. are unique to Archaeocyathids. The Archaeocyathids which are the subject of this thesis were collected by Dr. H. Little from the South Fork of the Salmo River, and from north of Colville, Washington. In the Salmo area, they occur in a narrow band of limestone at the base of the Laib group. The Colville collection is from an outcrop of Old Dominion limestone. The identification and description of the species present in these collections are the main considerations of the thesis. Two new species are described, Ethmophyllum lineatus and Syringocnema colvillensis. The former species occurs in the Lower Cambrian limestone of the Laib group, Salmo area; the latter is reported from the Old Dominion limestone of the Colville area. Archaeocyathids may be useful in the correlation of Lower Cambrian formations, providing further accurately located (stratigraphically) collections are made. At present, insufficient stratigraphic data are available to erect Archaeocyathid zones. However, some attempt to correlate the known Archaeocyathid occurrences is made. In correlating the ten known Archaeocyathid occurrences from Washington to the Yukon Territory, it is suggested that the most southerly, Colville, Washington, is stratigraphically lower than the Salmo occurrence, and that the latter is, in turn, stratigraphically lower than the northern localities. These northern occurrences are considered to be late Lower Cambrian. The age assigned to the northern localities is, in general, based on stratigraphic and paleontological evidence other than that afforded by Archaeocyathids. The occurrences of Archaeocyathids in the northern part of the Cordillera are given below with their related lithologic unit where possible: 1) Colville, Washington - Old Dominion limestone 2) Salmo, B.C. - lower part of the Laib group 3) Dogtooth Range, B.C. - Donald formation 4) Quesnel Lake, B.C. - Cariboo series 5) Sinclair Mills, B.C. - 6) Pine Pass, B.C. - Misinchinka schists 7) Aiken Lake, B.C. - upper Wolverine complex 8) McDame Creek, B.C. - Atan group 9) Wolf Lake, Yukon Territory - Lord's group B and c units 10) Quiet Lake, Yukon Territory – It is believed that these occurrences outline the western edge of the geosyncline present in this region in Lower Cambrian time. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The Horse Heaven Hills uplift in south-central Washington consists of distinct northwest and northeast trends which merge in the lower Yakima Valley. The northwest trend is adjacent to and parallels the Rattlesnake-Wallula alignment (RAW; a part of the Olympic-Wallowa lineament). The northwest trend and northeast trend consist of aligned or en echelon anticlines and monoclines whose axes are generally oriented in the direction of the trend. At the intersection, folds in the northeast trend plunge onto and are terminated by folds of the northwest trend.

The Wind River gold prospect is located in TSN, R7E of Skamania County, Washington, and is an epithermal gold-quartz vein system hosted in volcanic rocks of the Ohanapecosh Formation, a late Eocene to middle Oligocene unit of calcalkaline chemical composition. Andesitic pyroclastic rocks of the Ohanapecosh Formation are the host of mineralization in the study area, and form the lowest of several stratigraphic subunits. These pyroclastic rocks are overlain by two sequences of lava flows which cap the ridges and are folded by an anticlinal warp over the length of Paradise Ridge, plunging gently to the southeast. Toward the west, the number of flows decreases and the proportion of intercalated pyroclastic rocks increases. Numerous dikes cut the pyroclastic rocks at the Wind River prospect. Geochemical data show these dikes to have been feeders for the overlying lava flows. Differing degrees of alteration of the dikes relative to the most intensely altered pyroclastic rocks which they cut indicates a complex history of overlapping hydrothermal and volcanic activity at the prospect.

Despite active volcanism, few geothermal energy resources have been developed in the Cascades Range. Temperature Gradient Hole (TGH) MB 76-31 was drilled to approximately 440 m measured depth to probe for zones where fractures provide fluid conduits that transport deep volcanic heat to shallow depths that could support baseload, carbon neutral electrical generation. These zones were predicted by a Play Fairway assessment (PFA) of resource potential along a zone 11 km west-southwest of the summit of Mount Baker Volcano, Washington State. Rock core, temperature logs, and an acoustic image log were obtained. By comparison to outcrops, the core is interpreted as the Chilliwack Group, comprised of partially metamorphosed basaltic to andesitic volcanics, but due to similar physical and mineral composition may represent the Nooksack Formation. Mapping of core reveals complex, steeply dipping networks of fractures and brecciation along slickensided strike slip faults; clay alteration is common in many of these structures. Most fractures are thoroughly healed by layers of chlorite and calcite, whereas chlorites and vermiculite line open fractures. Fracture porosity is primarily hosted by very dense fractures a few centimeters or less in length. These small fractures are not clearly evident or interpretable in image logs, leading to under-estimated fracture density and secondary porosity, although the image log provides good insights into frequency and attitude of fractures that fully transect the core. The combination of complex, non-planar fracture zones containing many short fractures and healing promote misinterpretation of natural fracture attitude and density in the image log. The equilibrated measured temperature reaches a maximum temperature 32°C at 408 m measured depth along a conductive gradient of 64ºC/km and calculated heat flow of 145 mW/m2 which is more than twice the regional average of 30ºC/km. The presence of vermiculite and several chlorite minerals lining fractures is consistent with the conductive temperature gradient measured in the well below a shallow isothermal zone, although, several fractures are open or only partially healed and resulted in fluid entries into the well. Together, the temperature gradient and vermiculite formation in the fractures indicate local influence of the Mt Baker magmatic system at the Little Park Creek TGH site and that TGH MB 76-31 reaches the upper edge of a caprock above a much deeper hydrothermal system. Do you conclude that this site will/will not support electrical generation? Should have a sentence here describing this since you start your abstract with the idea that you’re testing viability. / Geology

This study focused on a Mexican-American high-school senior student population in a rural agricultural area in the northwest. The purpose was twofold: (1) to examine the characteristics of the seniors that would graduate; (2) to examine the relationship between a set of nationally identified at-risk characteristics and the high- and low-achievers in the sample population. The data from the student survey yields the following profile of a successful Mexican-American student. The distribution of gender was approximately equal. The student lives with both parents in a low socioeconomic status family of approximately five children with both parents working. Both parents and students in these families are highly bilingual/bicultural. The students' families, especially the mother, are highly supportive of the student. The students like school, do well, and are active in extracurricular activities. They have a good self image, have high aspirations, and are goal orientated. Finally, during the school process, the student has been supported by teachers, friends and counselors. When examining the high- and low-achieving students in the study, it was discovered that the low achieving students exhibit many characteristics typical of high risk students. The students with these characteristics are frequently absent from school and have poor grades. They come from a large, single parent family of low socioeconomic status which is non-supportive of the student's school career. Finally, the students in this group have parents with low-educational level and little involvement in school matters. For the sample in general, the study shows the Mexican-American high-school graduate to be a good student with high aspirations. While some of the at-risk characteristics are useful in differentiating between high- and low-achievement there is doubt about their usefulness in predicting that a student will dropout.