In Hong Kong, around 3,600 tonnes of food waste is produced every day. Although different pilot schemes and programmes had been operated by government and organizations, most of them were more like demonstrations on different methods in treating food waste. Up to this stage, no concrete facilities and long-term schemes have been carried out by the government to tackle the food waste generated. In this study, different approaches to treat food waste have been explored and relevant practices in Hong Kong have been investigated. In order to obtain the first hand information from the local situation, 250, 11 and four sets of questionnaires were distributed to the general public, catering sectors and green groups and other NGOs respectively. The relationship between the knowledge and attitude of food waste management and demographics characteristics of the participants were studied. Apart from questionnaires, four interviews with green groups and NGO were conducted. The results showed that all three sectors support implementation of food waste management, and were not satisfied with the current status of food waste management in Hong Kong. Both the general public and the catering sector found “converting food waste to renewable energy” the most suitable practice for food waste management in Hong Kong, while “food waste charging scheme” gain most of the support from the green groups and NGOs. Recommendations were made according to the results of the questionnaires, interviews and literature reviews on successful overseas case studies. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

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Thesis (MTech. degree in Water Care ) - Tshwane University of Technology, 2007. / This research project investigated the total nitrogen removal capabilities of a nitrification and denitrification system treating two medium strength municipal landfill leachates. The characteristics of the leachates differed as one was obtained from general waste (GLB+) and the other from mixed industrial and general waste (H:h). This project was commissioned to develop a leachate treatment philosophy and a leachate management plan for the Vissershok landfill site near Cape Town. The aim of this leachate treatment trial project was to establish leachate treatability of different types of leachate, characterise leachate and effluent quality, determine alkalinity requirements, assess hydraulic retention periods and sludge production and confirm whether leachate quality can inhibit successful treatment in a sequencing batch reactor system. The two units were operated as simple Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs) by treating the leachate in a biological treatment process. Both units were initially seeded with activated sludge obtained from a sewage treatment works. Provision was made to supplement carbonaceous nutrient and phosphorus to the system. In the first stage of the study a controlled nitrification system was maintained to treat ammoniacal-nitrogen and the next stage denitrification was used to treat nitrate and nitrite-nitrogen levels. A completely automated daily cycle was used to treat the leachate and altered according to process requirements. The results showed that during nitrification ammoniacal-nitrogen concentrations as high as 2032.4 mg/l were consistently reduced to less than 0.1 mg/l. Similarly, for denitrification, nitrate-and nitrite-nitrogen concentrations were also consistently reduced to less than 0.1 mg/l, with a methanol utilisation ratio of CH3OH:N at 4.80:1. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were in the range 57-65% depending on loading rates applied. In conclusion it was shown that: (a) the biodegradable organics (COD) was reduced considerably (b) complete nitrification and denitrification occurred (c) no constituents of the leachate caused inhibition of the biological process.

The rapid growth of urban areas in Malaysia has led to an increase in the generation and complexity of its municipal solid waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated is estimated to be 8 million tonnes per year by the end of 2000. Realising the problem, this research was conducted to analyse quantitatively experiences learned from the United Kingdom (UK) upon the success through their municipal solid waste management system set-up which includes enforcement, legislation, economic instruments, education, institutions involved and other related issues. In order to achieve that, comparative studies were conducted between United Kingdom and Malaysian practices which included selected local councils, namely Dundee City Council (DCC) in the UK and Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya (MPPJ) and Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL) both in Malaysia to identify and how to overcome the problems. Apart from the above objectives, this research suggests that: The most effective environmental solution is to reduce the generation of waste through reduction; Where further reduction is not practicable, products and materials can sometimes be used again, either for the same or a different purpose that is through re-use; Failing to do that, value should be recovered from waste, through recycling, composting or energy recovery from waste; Only if none of the above offer an appropriate solution should waste be disposed of This is the best hierarchy for Malaysia to adapt in its future municipal solid waste management strategy. In conclusion, this research showed that Malaysia's municipal solid waste management system and strategy have to be developed in term of its legislation and policy, the enforcement system, guidelines and target to be achieved and education as the key in developing awareness and knowledge.

published_or_final_version / Civil and Structural Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

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