Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são uma classe de substâncias químicas que podem ser geradas na combustão de matéria orgânica, e 17 destas substâncias são consideradas como poluentes prioritários pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos EUA (US EPA), em função de seu potencial tóxico e carcinogênico. Para identificar e quantificar os HPAs no ambiente de trabalho por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massas, foram realizadas coletas de amostras ambientais em um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde localizado na região da grande São Paulo e em três fundições de metais nas cidades de Loanda e Santa Isabel do Ivaí, no Estado do Paraná. A concentração de HPAs totais nas amostras ambientais coletadas no Incinerador foi de 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; na Fundição 1 de 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; na Fundição 2 de 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; na Fundição 3 de 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. Foi realizada também a coleta de amostras biológicas de trabalhadores expostos e não expostos, para a identificação e quantificação do indicador biológico de exposição o 1-hidroxipireno por cromatografia líquida com detector de fluorescência. A concentração de 1-hidroxipireno nas amostrados biológicas dos trabalhadores no Incinerador apresentou diferença estatisticamente siginificante entre o grupo exposto e o grupo controle; na Fundição 1 houve diferença estatisticamente pouco significante entre os grupos estudados; nas Fundições 2 e 3 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. / The Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of chemicals that can to be generated by organic matter burning, and 17 of that chemicals are considered priority pollutant by Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), because their toxicity and carcinogenicity potentials. To identify and to quantitify the PAH at workplace atmosphere by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), it was conducted a environmental sampling in a waste incinerator, settled in the metropolitan São Paulo Region, and at three metals foundry settled in the Loanda City and Santa Isabel do Ivaí City, at Paraná State. The concentration of total PAH in the environmental samples collected in a waste incinerator was 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; at metals foundry 1 was 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; at metals foundry 2 was 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; at metals foundry 3 was 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. The biological samples of the workers was collected to identify and to quantitify the biological indicator urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) by high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu). The 1-OH-Pyr concentration in the biological samples of the exposed and control group in a waste incinerator presented a statistical significant difference; in the metals foundry 1 was observed a slight statistical significant difference; and in the metals foundry 2 and metals foundry 3 was not observed statistical significant difference.

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são uma classe de substâncias químicas que podem ser geradas na combustão de matéria orgânica, e 17 destas substâncias são consideradas como poluentes prioritários pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos EUA (US EPA), em função de seu potencial tóxico e carcinogênico. Para identificar e quantificar os HPAs no ambiente de trabalho por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massas, foram realizadas coletas de amostras ambientais em um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde localizado na região da grande São Paulo e em três fundições de metais nas cidades de Loanda e Santa Isabel do Ivaí, no Estado do Paraná. A concentração de HPAs totais nas amostras ambientais coletadas no Incinerador foi de 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; na Fundição 1 de 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; na Fundição 2 de 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; na Fundição 3 de 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. Foi realizada também a coleta de amostras biológicas de trabalhadores expostos e não expostos, para a identificação e quantificação do indicador biológico de exposição o 1-hidroxipireno por cromatografia líquida com detector de fluorescência. A concentração de 1-hidroxipireno nas amostrados biológicas dos trabalhadores no Incinerador apresentou diferença estatisticamente siginificante entre o grupo exposto e o grupo controle; na Fundição 1 houve diferença estatisticamente pouco significante entre os grupos estudados; nas Fundições 2 e 3 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. / The Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of chemicals that can to be generated by organic matter burning, and 17 of that chemicals are considered priority pollutant by Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), because their toxicity and carcinogenicity potentials. To identify and to quantitify the PAH at workplace atmosphere by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), it was conducted a environmental sampling in a waste incinerator, settled in the metropolitan São Paulo Region, and at three metals foundry settled in the Loanda City and Santa Isabel do Ivaí City, at Paraná State. The concentration of total PAH in the environmental samples collected in a waste incinerator was 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; at metals foundry 1 was 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; at metals foundry 2 was 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; at metals foundry 3 was 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. The biological samples of the workers was collected to identify and to quantitify the biological indicator urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) by high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu). The 1-OH-Pyr concentration in the biological samples of the exposed and control group in a waste incinerator presented a statistical significant difference; in the metals foundry 1 was observed a slight statistical significant difference; and in the metals foundry 2 and metals foundry 3 was not observed statistical significant difference.

The purpose of this thesis is to design a solution thermal power outlet of incinerator in hot water for the supply this town of heat. First and foremost are described problems landfill society and their implications on the environment. Next some alternatives of the waste and the burning in incinerators are described too. The thesis describes the history of the first incineration plant in the Czech Republic and its subsequent upgrading of the economical and environmentally friendly waste recovery and modernization of flue gas cleaning. Contribution of the work is then proposed as amendments to equipment and wiring for use of steam for the conversion heat output into hot water. This is essentially a calculation of steam water heaters at the end of the expansion of the steam and the related adjustments to the turbine blading. At the conclusion outlines the basic economic calculation and comparison of profits and investment associated with this implementation compared to implementation, which is now projected. It is a calculation of investment efficiency and its possible repayment due to higher profits from the sale of energy. This work serves only as a basis work for future technical realization and it outlines the appropriateness of this alteration.

Deposits in municipal waste incinerators are very inhomogeneous in structure and constitution. They cause corrosion and reduce the efficiency, so they need to be removed frequently. Among other systems, operators use water cannons for the deposit removal. Two different removal mechanisms of water-cannon cleaning are suggested: A direct shattering of the deposit by the impact of the water jet, as well as the cracking caused by thermal stresses where droplets cool the deposits. As the contribution of each of the aforementioned mechanisms to the overall cleaning efficiency is unknown, we performed empirical investigations to determine the dominating effect. In a first experimental setup focusing on thermal stress, cold droplets were applied onto hot deposits taken from a waste incinerator. Results showed that the cleaning effect strongly depends on the deposit thickness and structure, so that the deposits could be categorised in three different groups. A second measurement campaign focused on the influence of deposit material, deposit temperature and water jet momentum. It could be shown that both deposit material and temperature have a significant effect on the cleaning efficiency, whereas an increase in water jet momentum only led to modest improvements. The combination of these two parameter studies implies that the influence of the thermal stress outweighs that of the momentum. This knowledge is applicable to the cleaning setup by increasing the temperature gradient.