Population growth, increasing affluence, and greater access to medicines have led to an increase in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) entering sewerage networks. Wastewater in lower and lower middle-income countries use that use wastewater for irrigation may use untreated or poorly treated wastewater resulting in the potential for greater concentrations of APIs to enter soils in this way. Wastewater re-used for irrigation is currently not included in environmental risk assessments for APIs in soils. The addition of wastewater to soils changes the organic content and can increase the pH of soils, which will have an impact on the fate of any ionisable APIs introduced during the irrigation process. As the input of APIs to soil from wastewater irrigation is not currently included in the risk assessments, this is an area that requires increased attention. A study was undertaken using a modified sorption-desorption batch equilibrium method (OECD 106) to simulate the addition of synthetic wastewater (SWW) to soils compared to a normal OECD 106 study. The APIs studied were ofloxacin, propranolol, naproxen and nevirapine, and represent a range of API physico-chemical properties. These experiments showed that the changes to soil properties (pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) caused by irrigation with SWW can change the fate of APIs in soils. The ionisation state of the API at the altered pH was more important for the positively charged propranolol than it was for the negatively charged naproxen and neutral nevirapine. The Kd and Log Koc increased during the sorption experiment in some cases with SWW. This has implications on the current terrestrial risk assessment where the trigger value for a more detailed soil risk assessment in at Log Koc >4. If the experiment is only performed in 10 mM CaCl2 as is currently required this may lead to unknown risks of APIs in wastewater irrigated soils not being taken into account. Three soil sterilisation or microbial enzyme suppression methods were investigated to identify how successful they were and if there was any impact on the soil physical chemical structure. Gamma irradiation, autoclaving and the addition of 0.2 g L-1 sodium azide were studied. None of the methods successfully sterilised the soils and some changes in soils were identified post-treatment. Autoclaving destroyed the soil structure, turning it into a fine powder and significantly increasing DOC. Sodium azide changed the pH of the loam soil but not the sandy loam soil. Literature suggested that gamma irradiation was the most likely to sterilise the soils with the least amount of disturbance to its physico-chemical properties but increases in DOC were identified in the current study. The changes to soils after sterilisation varied depending on the individual soil properties, indicating that soils should be studied on a case-by-case basis. Irrigation with wastewater provides continuous inputs of chemicals into soils throughout the growing season so it is vital that more work is done to understand the ultimate fate of pollutants in soil as a result. Wastewater has the potential to change the fate of chemicals in soils meaning that current risk assessments may not thoroughly assess all risks involved.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grapevine performance and wine quality are influenced by various factors, two of the most important being the availability and quality of irrigation water. In relatively dry countries such as South Africa the conservation and effective use of water is of utmost importance. Expected increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall in the future due to climate change impacts highlights the importance of water conservation. This inspired investigations into possible alternative irrigation water sources and therefore the possibility of vineyard irrigation using winery wastewater is of utmost importance for the sustainability of the wine industry. Winery wastewater contains higher concentrations of certain elements other than water generally used for vineyard irrigation, the most important differences being Na and K levels. Furthermore, winery wastewater contains larger populations of microorganisms such as yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, typical associated with wine production. If irrigation using winery wastewater affects the uptake of certain elements or alters grapevine water status, it may affect grapevine growth, juice and wine composition. Furthermore, if juice and wine composition is affected wine composition and sensorial quality may be affected. Cabernet Sauvignon/99R grapevines, growing in a sandy soil in the Breede River Valley, were subjected to eight irrigation treatments using augmented winery wastewater in addition to irrigation using raw river water as control. The study was carried out during the 2010/11 and 2011/12 seasons. The various wastewater irrigation treatments were made up by augmenting winery wastewater with raw river water to obtain a target chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. In this study, the level of COD in the irrigation water is a direct indication of water quality, the two being indirectly proportional. The eight wastewater irrigation treatments ranged from 100 mg/L COD up to 3000 mg/L COD. The first objective of the study was to determine the effect of irrigation using augmented winery wastewater on grapevine response, with regards to vegetative growth, berry development and berry composition. The various wastewater irrigation treatments did not affect grapevine vegetative growth or reproductive growth, including yield, throughout berry development up to harvest. Berry sugar accumulation and evolution in acid concentrations were also not affected. An increase in berry juice pH was observed with an increase in the level of COD in the augmented winery wastewater only in the second season. The amount of elements, ions and heavy metals in juice was not affected by wastewater irrigation, indicating that there was no absorption by the grapevines. Berry skin thickness, colour and phenolic content as well as yield and its associated components were not affected by irrigation using augmented winery wastewater. The second objective of the study was to determine the effect of irrigation using augmented winery wastewater on wine microbial and chemical composition, fermentation performance and wine sensorial characteristics. The natural yeast and bacteria flora of juice was not affected by the various wastewater irrigation treatments. In addition, the ability of the inoculated yeast and lactic acid bacteria strains to conduct their respective fermentation processes were not affected. With the exception of total titratable acidity (TTA) and pH, irrigation using augmented winery wastewater did not affect wine chemical composition with regards to basic wine parameters as well as colour, phenolic and tannin composition. Similar to juice, phosphorus and selected ions were not affected. None of the measured wine sensorial characteristics were affected by irrigation using augmented winery wastewater. The third objective of the study was to investigate the effect of direct contact between berries and winery wastewater on wine sensorial characteristics. The study focussed on the transference of off-flavours from the wastewater into the wine and the occurrence of off-flavours as a response to contact with winery wastewater. Wine colour and general sensory wine descriptives were not affected by direct contact with winery wastewater. The presence of a winery wastewater-like off-odour and volatile acidity was, however, more detectable in wines made from berries that were in contact with the most concentrated wastewater. Therefore, it may be possible for off-odours to be transferred from the winery wastewater into the wines, or that off-odours are formed as a direct or indirect result of contact with winery wastewater. Under the given conditions, results obtained in this two seasons of the study suggest that irrigation using augmented winery wastewater does not affect grapevine performance or wine quality substantially. The major impact that was observed was an increase in wine pH and a decreasing trend in TTA. Both these parameters could be rectified by simply adding acid to the wines. Therefore, irrigation using augmented winery wastewater may be considered as a possible future alternative source for vineyard irrigation. It is, however, important to remember that some of the effects of wastewater irrigation may be cumulative and could possibly arise only after several years. Furthermore, different field conditions and cultivars may respond differently. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wingerd prestasie en wyngehalte word deur verskeie faktore beïnvloed waarvan twee van die belangrikste die beskikbaarheid en gehalte van besproeiingswater is. In relatiewe droë lande soos Suid Afrika is waterbesparing en die effektiewe benutting van water hulpbronne van uiterste belang. Die verwagte toename in temperatuur en afname in reënval in die toekoms as gevolg van klimaatsveranderinge plaasdieklem op op die belangrikheid van waterbesparing. Dit het navorsing om moontlike alternatiewe vorme van besproeiingswater te ontdek geïnspireer. Na aanleiding van hierdie faktore word daar toenemend gefokus op navorsing oor die moontlikheid om kelder afvalwater as alternatiewe bron van besproeiings water vir wingerde te benut. Kelder afvalwater bevat hoër konsentrasie van sekere elemente as water wat onder normale omstandighede gebruik word vir die besproeiing van wingerde, die belangrikste verskille was die vlakke van Na en K. Benewens die hoër konsentrasie van sekere elemente bevat kelder afvalwater ook groot populasies van mikroörganismes soos giste, melksuurbakterieë en asynsuurbakterieë, tipies geassosieerd met wynbereiding. Indien besproeiing met kelder afvalwater die opname van sekere elemente of die plant water status beϊnvloed, mag wingerd groei, sap en wyn samestelling beϊnvloed word. Daar benewens, indien die mikrobiese samestelling van die sap en wyn beϊnvloed word sal die samestelling en sensoriese gehalte van die wyn moontlik beϊnvloed word. Cabernet Sauvignon/99R wingerde, geleë in sanderige grond in die Breede Rivier Vallei, is onderwerp aan besproeiing met agt verskillende konsentrasies van verdunde kelder afvalwater, bykomend tot besproeiing met onbehandelde rivier water wat as kontrole gedien het. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer gedurende die 2010/11 en 2011/12 seisoene. Die teiken besproeiings konsentrasies is verkry deur kelder afvalwater met onbehandelde rivier water te verdun tot ‘n sekere chemiese suurstofbehoefte (CSB) konsentrasie bereik is. Die CSB is in hierdie studie ‘n direkte aanduiding van watergehalte, die twee was indirek eweredig tot mekaar. Die agt CSB konsentrasies waarteen die afvalwater besproei is wissel tussen 100 mg/L CSB en 3000 mg/L CSB. Die eerste doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek van besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater op wingerdprestasie, met spesifieke verwysing na vegetatiewe groei, korrelontwikkeling en korrelsamestelling is. Wingerd vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groei, insluitende opbrengs, is op geen stadium tydens korrelontwikkeling tot en met oes beïnvloed nie. Die laai van suikers gedurende rypwording, sowel as verskuiwings in suurkonsentrasie, is nie deur besproeiing met kelder afvalwater beïnvloed nie. In die tweede seisoen is ‘n toename in sap pH waargeneem soos die CSB konsentrasie van die besproeiings water toegeneem het. Die element, ioon en swaar metaal samestelling van sap was nie beïnvloed deur besproeiing met afvalwater nie wat aandui dat daar geen opname was deur die wingerd nie. Die dikte, kleur en fenoliese samestelling van druifdoppe is ook nie beïnvloed nie. Die tweede doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek van besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater op wyn mikrobiese en chemiese samestelling, fermentasie effektiwiteit en wyn sensoriese eienskappe is. Die verskeie afvalwater besproeiings behandelings het geen effek op die natuurlike gis of bakterieë flora van die sap gehad nie. Die vermoë van die geïnokuleerde gis en melksuurbakterieë om hul afsonderlike fermentasie prosesse te voltooi is ook nie beïnvloed nie. Met die uitsondering van totale titreerbare suur (TTS) en pH, is die chemiese samestelling van wyne met betrekking tot basiese wyn parameters, kleur, fenole en tanniene nie beïnvloed nie. Soortgelyk aan sap is wyn fosfor en geselekteerde ioon samestelling nie geaffekteer nie. Die sensoriese karakteristieke was eenders vir wyne van alle behandelings. Die derde doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek wat direkte kontak van kelder afvalwater met druiwekorrels op wyn sensoriese eienskappe het. Hierdie studie het gefokus op die oordrag van afgeure vanaf kelder afvalwater na die wyne sowel as die voorkoms van afgeure as ‘n reaksie op kontak met kelder afvalwater. Wyn kleur en algemene sensoriese eienskappe is nie geaffekteer deur kontak tussen druiwe en kelder afvalwater nie. Kelder afvalwater-geassosieerde afgeure en vlugtige suur was meer duidelik waarneembaar in wyne wat gemaak is van druiwe wat in kontak was met die meer gekonsentreerde afvalwater. Dit mag dus moontlik wees dat afgeure vanaf kelder afvalwater oorgedra word na wyne, of dat sekere afgeure gevorm word as ‘n direkte of indirekte reaksie op kontak met kelder afvalwater. Onder die gegewe toestande oor die twee jaar studie periode het resultate getoon dat besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater nie wingerdprestasie en wyn gehalte aansienlik beïnvloed nie. Die grootste impak wat afvalwater besproeiing gehad het, was om ‘n toename in wyn pH en ‘n tendens tot afname in TTS te veroorsaak. Deur eenvoudig suur by die wyn te voeg kan albei hierdie probleme reg gestel word. Op grond van hierdie bevindings kan besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater moontlik as toekomstige bron vir addisionele wingerdbesproeiing dien. Dit is egter belangrik om te onthou dat die effekte van besproeiing met kelder afvalwater mootlik kumulatief kan wees en dat probleme moontlik eers na etlike jare na vore kan kom. Ander kultivars en veldkondisies mag ook lei tot ander resultate.

<p>Användandet av obehandlat avloppsvatten inom jordbruket är en växande företeelse i många delar av världen. Speciellt i vattenfattiga områden där avloppsvattnet ses som en värdefull och pålitlig resurs. Det höga näringsinnehållet minskar behovet av konstgödsel och detta ökar böndernas inkomster. Men med användandet av avloppsvattnet följer vissa hälsorisker. Bland annat har man sett en högre förekomst av inälvsmaskar hos bönder som använder orenat avloppsvatten jämfört med de som använder rent vatten. Den här vattenkvalitetstudien har utförts längs floden Musi i Andhra Pradesh, Indien. Musi rinner igenom staden Hyderabad och mycket av stadens avloppsvatten dumpas i floden. Nedströms Hyderabad används detta vatten för bevattning. Längs med floden är dammar byggda, för att avleda vattnet i bevattningskanaler. Reservoirer bildas då flödeshastigheten minskar. Studieområdet sträcker sig från Hyderabad och 28.7 km nedströms. Hypotesen var att reservoirerna fungerar som biodammar och syftet var att kvantifiera dammarnas inverkan på vattenkvaliteten och utvärdera dess lämplighet utifrån ett hälso- och jordbruksperspektiv. Inom studieområdet är reningen med avseende på BOD, Nematoder och E coli 86,9%, 99,9% respektive 99,9%. Trots att reningen är så hög överstiger Nematod- och E coli-koncentrationerna Världshälsoorganisationens riktlinjer och utgör en hälsorisk för bönder och konsumenter. Syre- och salthalt ökar nedströms och den höga salthalten kan ha negativ inverkan på jordbrukets avkastning. Genom att titta på reningsmönster och förändring av olika vattenkvalitetsparametrar är en av slutsatserna av detta arbete att reningen i dammarna motsvarar den rening som sker i de anaeroba bassängerna i ett biodammsystem.</p> / <p>The use of untreated domestic sewage in agriculture is a growing practice in many parts of the world. It is being looked upon as a valuable and reliable resource in water scarce communities. Wastewater is usually rich in nutrients and the use results in high yields without the need for artificial fertilisers. But with the use of untreated wastewater follows a number of associated health risks, e.g. a higher prevalence of helminth infections has been seen among wastewater users compared to non-users. This water quality study was performed along the River Musi in Andhra Pradesh, India. The Musi River flows through the city of Hyderabad carrying the most of the town’s wastewater. Downstream of Hyderabad the wastewater is used by farmers for irrigation. Along the river weirs are constructed which diverts the irrigation water into canals and reservoirs are formed where the flow velocity slows down. The study area stretches from Hyderabad and 28.7 km downstream. The hypothesis was that the existing irrigation infrastructure acts like Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds and the aim was to quantify the impact of the weirs on water quality and to evaluate the irrigation water quality in reference to associated health risks and agricultural suitability. Within the study area the BOD, E coli and Nematode removals were 86.9%, 99.9% and 99.9% respectively. Despite the high removal the E coli and Nematodes, the concentrations exceed WHO guidelines for unrestricted and restricted irrigation, and there exists an excess risk of intestinal nematode- and enteric infections for farmers. Dissolved oxygen and salinity increases downstream and due to the high salinity farmers could experience reduced crop yields. By looking at removal patterns, and the change in water quality parameters, the conclusion can be made that the reservoirs act like anaerobic ponds in a Wastewater Stabilisation Pond system.</p>

Användandet av obehandlat avloppsvatten inom jordbruket är en växande företeelse i många delar av världen. Speciellt i vattenfattiga områden där avloppsvattnet ses som en värdefull och pålitlig resurs. Det höga näringsinnehållet minskar behovet av konstgödsel och detta ökar böndernas inkomster. Men med användandet av avloppsvattnet följer vissa hälsorisker. Bland annat har man sett en högre förekomst av inälvsmaskar hos bönder som använder orenat avloppsvatten jämfört med de som använder rent vatten. Den här vattenkvalitetstudien har utförts längs floden Musi i Andhra Pradesh, Indien. Musi rinner igenom staden Hyderabad och mycket av stadens avloppsvatten dumpas i floden. Nedströms Hyderabad används detta vatten för bevattning. Längs med floden är dammar byggda, för att avleda vattnet i bevattningskanaler. Reservoirer bildas då flödeshastigheten minskar. Studieområdet sträcker sig från Hyderabad och 28.7 km nedströms. Hypotesen var att reservoirerna fungerar som biodammar och syftet var att kvantifiera dammarnas inverkan på vattenkvaliteten och utvärdera dess lämplighet utifrån ett hälso- och jordbruksperspektiv. Inom studieområdet är reningen med avseende på BOD, Nematoder och E coli 86,9%, 99,9% respektive 99,9%. Trots att reningen är så hög överstiger Nematod- och E coli-koncentrationerna Världshälsoorganisationens riktlinjer och utgör en hälsorisk för bönder och konsumenter. Syre- och salthalt ökar nedströms och den höga salthalten kan ha negativ inverkan på jordbrukets avkastning. Genom att titta på reningsmönster och förändring av olika vattenkvalitetsparametrar är en av slutsatserna av detta arbete att reningen i dammarna motsvarar den rening som sker i de anaeroba bassängerna i ett biodammsystem. / The use of untreated domestic sewage in agriculture is a growing practice in many parts of the world. It is being looked upon as a valuable and reliable resource in water scarce communities. Wastewater is usually rich in nutrients and the use results in high yields without the need for artificial fertilisers. But with the use of untreated wastewater follows a number of associated health risks, e.g. a higher prevalence of helminth infections has been seen among wastewater users compared to non-users. This water quality study was performed along the River Musi in Andhra Pradesh, India. The Musi River flows through the city of Hyderabad carrying the most of the town’s wastewater. Downstream of Hyderabad the wastewater is used by farmers for irrigation. Along the river weirs are constructed which diverts the irrigation water into canals and reservoirs are formed where the flow velocity slows down. The study area stretches from Hyderabad and 28.7 km downstream. The hypothesis was that the existing irrigation infrastructure acts like Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds and the aim was to quantify the impact of the weirs on water quality and to evaluate the irrigation water quality in reference to associated health risks and agricultural suitability. Within the study area the BOD, E coli and Nematode removals were 86.9%, 99.9% and 99.9% respectively. Despite the high removal the E coli and Nematodes, the concentrations exceed WHO guidelines for unrestricted and restricted irrigation, and there exists an excess risk of intestinal nematode- and enteric infections for farmers. Dissolved oxygen and salinity increases downstream and due to the high salinity farmers could experience reduced crop yields. By looking at removal patterns, and the change in water quality parameters, the conclusion can be made that the reservoirs act like anaerobic ponds in a Wastewater Stabilisation Pond system.

The withdrawal of water sources concluded the reuse of treated wastewaters, especially for non-potable purposes. Agricultural use of the reclaimed wastewaters is one of the reuse options. However health considerations of the reuse of reclaimed wastewaters for public related purposes are underestimated, since wastewaters contain a variety of microbial pathogens, which may be transmitted to workers and consumers through the crops irrigated. Of these, parasitic eggs have a special place, as they are capable of surviving in the soil for months or even years, depending on environmental conditions. There is insufficient accumulated information on the health related criteria for the reuse of treated wastewaters in Turkey. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the helminthic eggs in raw sewage and in effluents of ASKi municipal wastewater treatment plant in Ankara. The study involved examining to decide whether these organisms exist in the wastewaters at all, and if so in what concentrations. Modified Bailenger&rsquo / s method, which published in the &ldquo / WHO Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques&rdquo / and &ldquo / U.S.EPA ICR Microbial Laboratory Manual&rdquo / were used in developing the specific methods used in this study.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientador: Alexandre Nunes Ponezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brota_GiovaniArchanjo_M.pdf: 4346412 bytes, checksum: b44166c5b1e0b8b8123c49c267aa9a87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O tratamento de esgoto doméstico é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da qualidade dos corpos hídricos e da vida aquática assim como para a conservação dos recursos naturais. Neste foco, os sistemas de tratamento como lagoas de estabilização são largamente utilizados no Brasil para tratamento de efluentes sanitários. O uso de efluente sanitário proveniente do pós-tratamento de lagoa de estabilização utilizado na irrigação de culturas agrícolas é recomendado como prática complementar ao tratamento do efluente, fornecendo assim um aporte de nutrientes necessários ao desenvolvimentos de diversas culturas agrícolas. No entanto essa prática deve ser avaliada quanto aos impactos ambientais. Com esse intuito, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa para avaliar os potenciais efeitos tóxicos proveniente da aplicação de efluente tratado por lagoas facultativas na cultura de Eucalyptus urograndis. O local escolhido para a pesquisa foi uma área cedida pela ETE Prof. Carmelino Correa Junior (Colégio Agrícola), no município de Franca-SP. A área foi dividida em 8 tratamentos e irrigada de acordo com a dose de "água'' recomendada para a cultura de eucalipto da seguinte forma: T1 dose de Água, sem adubação química, T2 dose de Água, com adubação química, T3 Efluente - 1/3 da dose, com adubação química, T4 Efluente - 1/2 dose com, adubação química, T5 Efluente - 1 dose, com adubação química, T6 Efluente - 1 dose, sem adubação, T7 Efluente - 1,5 dose, sem adubação química e T8 - sem irrigação e sem adubação química (testemunha). A pesquisa avaliou a presença de elementos e compostos com potencial tóxico em detrimento da aplicação de efluente tratado, por meio de analises físicoquímicas e ecotoxicológicas, correlacionando a concentração de metais, sais e o potencial efeito tóxico causado por compostos alelopáticos liberados pelo eucalipto. Assim foi possível inferir a partir dos resultados obtidos nos testes com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, onde foram obtidos valores de CE50 superiores a 75% para a maior parte dos tratamentos, indicando um baixa toxicidade ou em alguns caso sua ausência / Abstract: The domestic wastewater treatment is critical for maintaining the quality of water bodies and aquatic life as well as for the conservation of natural resources. In this focus, treatment systems and stabilization ponds are widely used in Brazil for the treatment of wastewater. The use of sanitary effluent from the post-treatment stabilization pond used for irrigation of agricultural crops is recommended as a complementary practice to the treatment of the effluent, thus providing a supply of nutrients necessary for the development of several crops. However, this practice should be evaluated for environmental impacts. For this purpose, we developed a survey to assess the potential toxic effects from the application of effluent ponds for the culture of Eucalyptus optional urograndis, the site chosen for the research was an area ceded by Prof. ETE. Carmelino Correa Junior (Agricultural College) in the city of Franca-SP. The area was divided into eight treatments and irrigated according to the dose of "water'' recommended for the cultivation of eucalyptus as follows: T1 dose of water, without chemical fertilizer, T2 dose of water with chemical fertilizer, effluent T3 - third dose, with chemical fertilizer, effluent T4 - 1/2 dose, chemical fertilizer, effluent T5 - 1 dose, with chemical fertilizer, effluent T6 - 1 dose, without fertilization, T7 Effluent - 1.5 dose without chemical fertilizer and T8 - without irrigation and without chemical fertilizer. (control). This study evaluated the presence of elements and compounds with toxic potential detriment of the application of treated wastewater through physical-chemical analyzes and ecotoxicological correlating the concentration of metals, salts and the potential toxic effect caused by allelopathic compounds released from eucalyptus. Thus it was possible to conclude from the results obtained in tests on Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, which were obtained EC50 values higher than 75% for most treatments, indicating a low toxicity and in some cases failing / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientador: Edson Eiji Matsura / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_AllanCharllesMendesde_M.pdf: 11587705 bytes, checksum: 9f6fbadbba811b3eac53643a17b80816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O uso de efluente de esgoto doméstico (EED) apresenta-se como uma alternativa na irrigação de culturas economicamente exploradas servindo como fonte extra de água e de nutrientes essenciais ao desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações físicas e químicas do solo, o desenvolvimento radicular e a produtividade da cana de- açúcar irrigada com EED, tratado por lagoa de estabilização e aplicado por gotejamento subsuperficial. O experimento foi realizado na cidade de Piracicaba-SP (22° 46' 24" S, 47° 36' 32" W) numa área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, situada ao lado da estação de tratamento de esgoto do bairro CECAP. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos dispostos no esquema de faixas, com três repetições e seis tratamentos; TSQ (cana-de-açúcar cultivada em sequeiro), T50% (cana-de-açúcar irrigada com EED atendendo 50% da avapotranspiração - ETP), T100% (cana-de-açúcar irrigada com EED atendendo 100% da ETP), T200% (cana-de açúcar irrigada com EED atendendo 200% da ETP), T100Herb (cana-de-açúcar irrigada com EED acrescido de herbicida atendendo 100% da ETP) e T100Cl (cana-de-açúcar irrigada com EED acrescido de hipoclorito de sódio atendendo 100% da ETP). A irrigação com EED proporcionou um menor desenvolvimento de raízes, tanto lateral como em profundidade, quando comparado ao TSQ. A irrigação promoveu um incremento de nutrientes no solo, principalmente no tratamento que aplicou a maior lâmina (T200%). Nesse tratamento, observou-se um maior aporte de Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ e N, reduções significativas nos teores de Al3+ e H+ e alto potencial para o fornecimento de P ao solo. Além disso, não foram observados problemas relacionados à qualidade física do solo devido ao fornecimento de Na+ pelo EED. O uso de EED proporcionou incrementos significativos na produtividade da cultura / Abstract: The use of domestic sewage effluent (DSE) is presented as an alternative for irrigation of economically exploited crops, functioning as an extra source of water, and essential nutrients for plant development. The present work aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical changes of soil, root development, and productivity of sugar cane irrigated with DSE, that was treated using stabilization, and was applied by a subsurface drip irrigation system. The experiment was done in Piracicaba-SP (22 ° 46 '24 "S, 47 ° 36' 32" W) on an area of sugar cane situated next to the sewage treatment station in the district of CECAP. The experimental model was arranged in block of tracks with three repetitions and six treatments; TSQ (cane sugar grown on rainfed), T50% (sugar cane irrigated with DSE serving 50% the evaporation and transpiration - ETP), T100% (sugar cane irrigated with DSE serving 100% of the ETP), T200% (sugar cane irrigated with DSE serving 200% of the ETP), T100Herb (sugar cane irrigated with DSE and in addition herbicide serving 100% of ETP) and T100Cl (sugar cane irrigated with DSE plus sodium hypochlorite serving 100% of the ETP). Irrigation with DSE afforded a lower root development, both laterally and in depth, as compared to TSQ. Irrigation promoted an increase of nutrients in the soil, especially in the treatment that applied to the highest water depth (T200%). In this treatment, it was observed a larger contribution of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and N, significant reductions in the levels of Al3+ and H+, and high efficiency on the supply of P to the soil. In addition, no problems were observed related to the physical quality of the ground due to the provision of Na+ by DSE. The use of DSE provided significant increases in crop productivity / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Almost two hundred years ago, Dr John Snow identified the faecal contaminated water as a source of bacterial infections during a severe cholera outbreak. Several years later, we have developed many weapons on our arsenal to reduce the bacterial infections, from simple ones such as public hygiene measures (e.g. frequent showers & hand washing, clean water), to specialised ones such as the use of antibiotics. The antibiotics inhibit the bacterial growth, thus their use has effectively helped to treat many bacterial infections, revolutionizing medicine. Successful recovery from surgical operations would be seldom and would last exponentially without their use. Yet, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has increased globally threatening to render antibiotics useless. However, the “golden era” of novel antibiotics development, when many novel antibiotics were discovered in a few years, belongs to the past. The bacteria developed resistance mechanisms to every single one of the antibiotics and rendered them useless. This could be reflected to an increase in the death rates, but more importantly to the increased health-care costs, which might compromise the treatment for other diseases. The Covid-19 pandemic provided such a clear paradigm on the straining of health care systems during massive parallel hospitalisation of patients. While, the misuse of antibiotics for human and veterinary was the main contributor of the increased AMR levels, other anthropogenic activities greatly contributed to AMR spread as well. Specifically, the wastewater treatment plants are considered as hotspots for AMR and agricultural practices, such as manure amendment, have been show to clearly promote AMR. Thus, the scientific community across clinical settings, environmental and agricultural sectors intensively researches on AMR, in an attempt to fully understand the AMR phenomenon. Nevertheless, the AMR is not the only problem that currently occurs in our society. The climate change, the urbanisation and the ever increasing human population has caused an increasing freshwater scarcity. The demand for treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation has increased due to this freshwater scarcity, and is expected to increase more. Since the TWW contains a high load of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the irrigation with TWW has raised concerns regarding AMR spread in the environment. Many studies have attempted to investigate the impact of TWW on AMR spread in crops and soil; however, the impact on deeper lying environments remains not yet elucidated. This should raise concerns, since groundwater remains the most valuable drinking water source globally. Here in this thesis, I attempted to gain further understanding on whether TWW irrigation promotes the AMR spread in the soil and the so-far neglected deeper-lying subsurface environments. My outmost desire is that the present work will contribute to a framework of minimising the potential risks during TWW irrigation, rendering TWW irrigation as a safe and sustainable alternative for freshwater resources depletion.