PhD. (Chemistry) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

PhD. (Chemistry) / Pre-synthesised gadolinium oxide decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Gd) were coupled with titania to form nanocomposite photocatalysts (MWCNT-Gd/TiO2) using a sol-gel method. Rare earth metal ions (Eu, Nd and Gd), nitrogen and sulphur tridoped titania were decorated on MWCNT-Gd to yield composite photocatalysts (MWCNT-Gd/Eu/Nd/Gd/N,S-TiO2) by a similar method, using thiourea as nitrogen and sulphur source. Different carbon nanomaterials were incorporated into tridoped titania to form various composite photocatalysts (MWCNT/Gd,N,S-TiO2, MWCNT/Nd,N,S-TiO2, SWCNT (single walled carbon nanotube)/Nd,N,S-TiO2 and rGO (reduced graphene oxide)/Nd,N,S-TiO2) via the sol-gel method. Likewise, gadolinium doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-Gd3+) was obtained by heating a mixture of gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate and cyanoguanidine and subsequently hybridised with MWCNT/TiO2 using the sol-gel method to yield composite photocatalysts with varying g-C3N4-Gd3+ loadings. All the prepared photocatalysts were characterised by microscopic tools (FE/FIB-SEM-EDX, TEM), crystallographic technique (XRD), spectroscopic tools (UV-Vis, Raman and FT-IR) and nitrogen sorption technique (BET).

Chen, Yanmin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-160). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Chan Shuk Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-149). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Contents --- p.vi / List of figures --- p.xi / List of plates --- p.xiv / List of tables --- p.xv / Abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of pentachlorophenol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Application of pentachlorophenol --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The fate of pentachlorophenol in environment --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- The toxicity of pentachlorophenol --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Remediation of pentachlorophenol --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Physical treatment / Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Chemical treatment / Chapter 1.1.5.3 --- Biological treatment / Chapter 1.1.5.4 --- Alternative for combining two treatments / Chapter 1.2 --- Biosorbents --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Chitin and chitosan --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- History of chitin and chitosan --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Structures of chitin and chitosan --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Sources of chitin and chitosan --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Application of chitin and chitosan --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Study on PCP removal by chitinous material --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Solution pH --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Retention time --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Temperature --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Agitation rate --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.2.6 --- Initial sorbate concentration --- p.33 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.33 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Langmuir adsorption model --- p.34 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Freundlich adsorption model --- p.34 / Chapter 1.3 --- Photocatalytic degradation --- p.35 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Titanium dioxide --- p.36 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation using photocatalyst TiO2 --- p.36 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Advantages of photocatalytic oxidation with Ti02 and H2O2 --- p.41 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Degradation of PCP by photocatalytic oxidation --- p.41 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.45 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Biosorbents --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Production of biosorbents --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Scanning electron microscope of biosorbents --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Pretreatment of biosorbents --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pentachlorophenol preparation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Quantification of pentachlorophenol by HPLC --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Data analysis for biosorption --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Selection of optimal conditions for batch PCP adsorption --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Effect of initial pH and biosorbent concentration --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Improvement on pH effect and biosorbent concentration --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and biosorbent concentration --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Reaction mixture solution --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Batch photocatalytic oxidation system --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Selection of extraction solvent --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Extraction efficiency --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Data analysis for PCO --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Irradiation time --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.8 --- Determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.9 --- Effect of biosorbent concentration in PCO --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.10 --- Effect of PCP amount on biosorbent in PCO --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.11 --- Determination of chloride ion concentration and total organic carbon during PCO --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.12 --- Identification the intermediates of PCP degradation by PCO --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.13 --- Evaluation of the change of PCO treated biosorbents --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.13.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.13.2 --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.13.3 --- Protein assay --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.13.4 --- Biosorption efficiency --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.14 --- Multiple biosorption and PCO cycles of PCP --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.15 --- Evaluation for the toxicity change of PCP adsorbed biosorbents during PCO --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Selection of optimal conditions for batch PCP adsorption --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Effect of initial pH and biosorbent concentration --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Effect of Tris buffer and biosorbent concentrations --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1.1.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and biosorbent concentration --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Selection of extraction solvent --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of biosorbent concentration in PCO --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of PCP amount on biosorbent in PCO --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Determination of chloride ion concentration and total organic carbon during PCO --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Identification the intermediates of PCP degradation by PCO --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Evaluation of the change of PCO treated biosorbents --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.7.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.7.2 --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.7.3 --- Protein assay --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.7.4 --- Biosorption efficiency --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Multiple biosorption and PCO cycles of PCP --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Evaluation for the toxicity change of PCP adsorbed biosorbents during PCO --- p.109 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Selection of optimal conditions for batch PCP adsorption --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- Effect of Tris buffer and biosorbent concentrations --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.1.3 --- Retention time --- p.119 / Chapter 5.1.1.4 --- Effect of temperature --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1.1.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and biosorbent concentration --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.122 / Chapter 5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Selection of extraction solvent --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of biosorbent concentration in PCO --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of PCP amount on biosorbent in PCO --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Determination of chloride ion concentration and total organic carbon during PCO --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Identification the intermediates of PCP degradation by PCO --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Evaluation of the change of PCO treated biosorbents --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.7.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.7.2 --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.7.3 --- Protein assay --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2.7.4 --- Biosorption efficiency --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Multiple biosorption and PCO cycles of PCP --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Evaluation for the toxicity change of PCP adsorbed biosorbents during PCO --- p.132 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.134 / Chapter 7. --- Recommendation --- p.137 / Chapter 8. --- References --- p.138

by Cheung Kit Hing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Plates --- p.xxii / List of Tables --- p.xxiii / Abbreviations --- p.xxv / Equations --- p.xxviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Azo dyes classification --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental concerns and toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Carcinogenicity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ecotoxicity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Toxicity towards vertebrates --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Treatment of azo dyes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physical treatment --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Membrane technology --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Chemical treatments --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Ozonation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.4 --- Coagulation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biological treatments --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Biodegradation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Biosorption --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1 --- Modeling of sorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.1 --- Langmuir sorption model --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.2 --- Freundlich sorption model --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advanced oxidation processes --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation using photocatalyst TiO2 --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of s-triazine containing compounds --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.5 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4.6 --- Cyanuric acid --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.1 --- Application --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.2 --- Toxicity --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation resistance --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.4 --- Biodegradation --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7 --- Enhancement of photocatalytic oxidation by using sorbent immobilized with TiO2 --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.2 --- Immobilization of TiO2 --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Integration of treatment methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.41 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1. --- Sorption --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sampling --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.1 --- Preparation of cell culture of Vibrio sp. --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2 --- Growth phase --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.3 --- Initial pH --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.4 --- Temperature --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.1 --- Preparation of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.2 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.3 --- Temperature --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.4 --- Agitation rate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.5 --- Salinity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.6 --- Initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.7 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.8 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Optimization of sorption and photocatalytic oxidation reactions using biomass of Vibrio sp.immobilized in calcium alginate beads --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effect of H202 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of H2O2 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H2O2 concentrations --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L TiO2" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sampling --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Enrichment --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Bacterial identification --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1. --- Sorption --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Growth phase --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3 --- Temperature --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.2 --- Temperature --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.4 --- Salinity --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.5 --- Initial pH --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.6.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.137 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sorption --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Growth phase --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3 --- Temperature --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Temperature --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.4 --- Salinity --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.5 --- Initial pH --- p.150 / Chapter 5.1.5.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B (MX-5B) --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1.5.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentration --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.166 / Chapter 5.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.168 / Chapter 5.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.170 / Chapter 5.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.171 / Chapter 5.6 --- Recommendations --- p.171 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.173 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.175 / Appendix --- p.200

Kwong Tsz Yan Alex. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-84). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Declaration --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Table of contents --- p.v / List of tables --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.x / Chapter Chapter One : --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The outbreak of SARS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Characteristics of triclosan --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental fate of triclosan --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Treatment methods for triclosan --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ti02 photocatalysis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Addition of hydrogen peroxide to the photocatalytic system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.7 --- Gas chromatography/ ion trap mass spectrometry analysis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.8 --- Scope of work --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter Two : --- Experimental --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Photocatalytic experiments --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Analysis of 2,8-DCDD and triclosan by GC/ITMS" --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Optimization of GC/ITMS conditions --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Analysis of other reaction intermediates by GC/MS (full scan mode) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6 --- "Analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenol and triclosan by GC/MS (SIM mode)" --- p.20 / Chapter 2.7 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on triclosan degradation --- p.20 / Chapter 2.8 --- Determination of total organic carbon (TOC) removal --- p.21 / Chapter 2.9 --- UV-Visible spectrometry --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter Three : --- Results --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1 --- Selection of precursor ions for GC/ITMS analysis --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- Optimization of GC/ITMS conditions --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Analysis of 2,8-DCDD and triclosan by GC/ITMS" --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4 --- "Analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenol and triclosan by GC/MS (SIM mode)" --- p.29 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Quantitative measurement of 2,8-DCDD in UV irradiated samples" --- p.31 / Chapter 3.6 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of triclosan by UV at 365nm --- p.33 / Chapter 3.7 --- TOC removal in triclosan degradation --- p.35 / Chapter 3.8 --- Identification of intermediates in photocatalytic oxidation of triclosan --- p.36 / Chapter 3.9 --- Quantitative measurement of the intermediates in photocatalytic oxidation of triclosan --- p.41 / Chapter 3.10 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on triclosan degradation --- p.43 / Chapter 3.11 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on TOC removal --- p.46 / Chapter 3.12 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on 2,4-dichlorophenol generation during triclosan degradation" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.13 --- "Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.14 --- "Identification of intermediates in photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol" --- p.50 / Chapter 3.15 --- "Quantitative measurement of the intermediates in photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol" --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter Four : --- Discussions --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- "Photochemical conversion of triclosan to 2,8-DCDD" --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- Proposed mechanism of triclosan degradation --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Proposed mechanism of 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation" --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4 --- TOC removal in triclosan degradation --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on photocatalytic oxidation of triclosan --- p.65 / Chapter 4.6 --- "Adverse environmental and human health effects of 2,8-DCDD" --- p.69 / Chapter 4.7 --- "Adverse environmental and human health effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol" --- p.71 / Chapter 4.8 --- "Discharge limitations for 2,4-dichlorophenol" --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter Five : --- Conclusions --- p.75 / References --- p.77

by chan Cho-Yin. / "November 2005." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-142). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Chan Cho-Yin.

Thesis (Masters of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, [2018]. / Enhancing the efficiency of large scale photocatalytic systems has been a concern for decades. Engineering design and modelling for the successful application of laboratory-scale techniques to large scale is obligatory. Among the many fields of research in heterogeneous photocatalysis, photocatalytic reaction engineering can initiate improvement and application of conservative equations for the design and scale-up of photocatalytic reactors. Various reactor configurations were considered, and the geometry of choice was the annular shape. Theory supports the view that annular geometry, in the presence of constant transport flow properties, monochromatic light, and an incompressible flow, will allow a system to respect the law of conservation of mass. The degradation of a simulated dye, methyl orange (MO), by titanium dioxide (TiO2) with a simulated solar light (halogen lamp) in a continuous recirculating batch photoreactor (CRBPR) was studied. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was applied to study interaction terms and individual terms and the role they play in the photocatalytic degradation of MO. The studied terms were volume (L), TiO2 (g), 2 (mL), and initial dye concentration (mg/L), to optimize these parameters and to obtain their mutual interaction during a photocatalytic process, a 24 full-factorial CCD and RSM with an alpha set to 1.5 were employed. The polynomial models obtained for the chosen responses (% degradation and reaction rate constant, k) were shown to have a good externally studentized vs normal percentage probability fit with R2 values of 0.69 and 0.77 respectively. The two responses had a common significant interaction term which was the H2O2 initial dye concentration term. The optimum degradation that was obtained in this study was a volume of 20 L, TiO2 of 10 g, H2O2 of 200 mL and the initial dye concentration of 5 mg/L which yielded 64.6% and a reaction rate constant of 0.0020 min-1. The model of percentage degradation was validated on a yield of 50% and 80% over a series of set volumes and the model validation was successful.

Leung, Tsz Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-146). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Plates --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xvii / Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Equations --- p.xxi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Water crisis and water disinfection --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Common disinfection methods --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Ozonation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Solar disinfection (SODIS) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Mixed disinfectants --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Other disinfection methods --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Understanding of PCO process --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Proposed disinfection mechanism of PCO --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Titanium dioxide (Ti02) photocatalyst --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Irradiation sources --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Bacterial species --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.5.1 --- Escherichia coli K12 --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.5.2 --- Shigella sonnei --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.5.3 --- Alteromonas alvinellae --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.5.4 --- Photobacterium phosphoreum --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Bacterial defense mechanism towards oxidative stress --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.6.1 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.6.2 --- Catalase (CAT) activity --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.6.3 --- Fatty acid (FA) profile --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.7 --- Significance of the project --- p.31 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 3. --- Material and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemicals --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Screening of freshwater and marine bacterial culture --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Photocatalytic reaction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preparation of reaction mixture --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Preparation of bacterial culture --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- PCO disinfection reaction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Effect of reaction temperature --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Effect of growth phases --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Measurement of catalase (CAT) activity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Fatty acid (FA) profile --- p.50 / Chapter 3.7 --- Bacterial regrowth test --- p.51 / Chapter 3.8 --- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) --- p.52 / Chapter 3.9 --- Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.10 --- Chlorination --- p.55 / Chapter 3.11 --- UV-C irradiation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.12 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.56 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1 --- Screening of UV-A resistant freshwater and marine bacteria --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- Control experiments --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3 --- Treatment experiments --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- UV-A irradiation from lamps --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Fluorescent light from fluorescent lamps --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of reaction temperature --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of growth phases --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4 --- Factors affecting bacterial sensitivity towards PCO --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) induction --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Fatty acid (FA) profile --- p.75 / Chapter 4.5 --- Bacterial regrowth test --- p.78 / Chapter 4.6 --- Disinfection mechanisms of fluorescent light-driven photocatalysis --- p.79 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) --- p.79 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.83 / Chapter 4.7 --- Chlorination --- p.89 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Disinfection efficiency --- p.89 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.92 / Chapter 4.8 --- UV-C irradiation --- p.96 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Disinfection efficiency --- p.96 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.96 / Chapter 5. --- Discussions --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1 --- Screening of UV-A resistant freshwater and marine bacteria --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Comparison of PCO coupled with UV-A lamps and fluorescent lamps --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of reaction temperature --- p.106 / Chapter 5.5 --- Effect of growth phases --- p.107 / Chapter 5.6 --- Factors affecting bacterial sensitivity towards PCO --- p.108 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities --- p.108 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) induction --- p.110 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Fatty acid (FA) profile --- p.110 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Cell wall structure --- p.112 / Chapter 5.6.5 --- Bacterial size --- p.114 / Chapter 5.6.6 --- Other possible factors --- p.114 / Chapter 5.7 --- Bacterial regrowth test --- p.115 / Chapter 5.8 --- Disinfection mechanisms of fluorescent light-driven photocatalysis --- p.116 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) --- p.116 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis --- p.117 / Chapter 5.8.3 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.118 / Chapter 5.9 --- Chlorination --- p.122 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- Disinfection efficiency --- p.122 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.122 / Chapter 5.10 --- UV-C irradiation --- p.123 / Chapter 5.10.1 --- Disinfection efficiency --- p.123 / Chapter 5.10.2 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.124 / Chapter 5.11 --- Comparisons of three disinfection methods --- p.124 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.126 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.132

So, Wai Man. / Thesis submitted in: October 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-124). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Plates --- p.viii / List of Tables X --- p.v / Abbreviations --- p.xvii / Equations --- p.xix / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of water disinfection --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conventional disinfection methods --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Ozonation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Sunlight irradiation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Others --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Reactions in PCO --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Disinfection mechanism of PCO --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Photocatalysts --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Modification of TiO2 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3.2.1 --- Sulphur cation-doped TiO2 (S-TiO2) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.2.2 --- Copper(I) oxide-sensitized P-25 (Cu20/P-25) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3.2.3 --- Silicon dioxide-doped TiO2 (SiO2-TiO2) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3.2.4 --- Nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Bacterial defense systems against oxidative stress --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5 --- Bacterial species --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Salmonella typhimurium --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Bacillus pasteurii --- p.26 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter 3. --- Material and Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Culture media and diluents --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Screening of target bacteria --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- PCO disinfection reaction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Photocatalysts --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Bacterial cultures --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- PCO reactor --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- PCO efficacy test --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Comparison of different photocatalysts --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- Optimization of PCO disinfection conditions --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay --- p.42 / Chapter 3.7 --- Catalase (CAT) activity assay --- p.44 / Chapter 3.8 --- Spore staining --- p.45 / Chapter 3.9 --- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) --- p.45 / Chapter 3.10 --- X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) --- p.46 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1 --- Screening of wastewater bacteria --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- PCO efficacy test --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3 --- PCO under visible light irradiation --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Fluorescence lamps with UV filter --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Solar lamp with UV filter --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Sunlight with UV filter --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Optimization of PCO disinfection conditions --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of visible light intensities --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of photocatalyst concentrations --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Optimized conditions --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.79 / Chapter 4.6 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay --- p.83 / Chapter 4.7 --- Catalase (CAT) activity assay --- p.84 / Chapter 4.8 --- Spore staining --- p.85 / Chapter 4.9 --- Studies on Cu20/P-25 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) --- p.88 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) --- p.88 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1 --- Screening of wastewater bacteria --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- PCO efficacy test --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- Comparison between different light sources --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4 --- Comparison between different photocatalysts --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5 --- Optimization of PCO disinfection conditions --- p.95 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Effect of visible light intensities --- p.95 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Effect of photocatalyst concentrations --- p.96 / Chapter 5.6 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.97 / Chapter 5.7 --- Comparison between different bacterial species --- p.99 / Chapter 5.8 --- Possible factors affecting susceptibility of bacteria towards PCO --- p.99 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- Formation of endospores --- p.99 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- Differences in cell wall structure --- p.100 / Chapter 5.8.3 --- SOD and CAT activities --- p.101 / Chapter 5.9 --- Dark control of Cu20/P-25 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.10 --- Studies on Cu20/P-25 --- p.104 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.112 / Chapter 8. --- Appendix --- p.125 / Chapter 8.1 --- Production of S-Ti02 --- p.125 / Chapter 8.2 --- Production of Si02-Ti02 --- p.125 / Chapter 8.3 --- Production of N-Ti02 --- p.125