This research used an Integrated Water Resource Management approach to investigate how Water Demand Management (WDM) measures at government, utility and end-user levels could contribute to providing sustainable water supply to Bahrain, which is in an arid to semiarid region. The main driver for this research was the supply-driven orientation favoured by policy makers and practitioners in Bahrain with little consideration for demand management. This leads to a high estimated gross per capita consumption 525 l/c/d as of 2010. There was also a need to investigate the institutional environment for managing water resources and delivering sustainable water supply to Bahrain. The research adopted a case study methodology which included qualitative analysis of interviews and documents from the water authority, and quantitative analysis of questionnaire surveys and pilot studies. The research adopted a cross-sectional approach to the analysis of activities associated with WDM practice in Bahrain. All findings and conclusions were evaluated/validated using surveys distributed to water experts and customers. Based on their feedback, findings and conclusions were revised. The main finding of this research was that the tariff is highly subsidized by the government and there is no encouragement for water savings. The low tariff leads to low revenue which in turn affects the budget allocated to the relevant departments and units at the Electricity and Water Authority (EWA). This impacts negatively on their activities. It was found that there is no effective strategy for integrated water resources management; there is a high level of Non Revenue Water (NRW) (38%); and limited reuse of grey water and water use saving devices. In addition there is a lack of public awareness and understanding of the benefits of WDM among all levels of society including professionals and water supply providers. The research concluded that improving water use efficiency in Bahrain should be a priority due to the current high water supply costs. There is a need for proper legislation that enforces the use of WDM; establishment of a national WDM committee with the Water Resources Directorate, and for water resource professionals to follow WDM oriented policies. The research proposed six areas to be further investigated to achieve more efficient use of water: (a) Water tariff reform to recover full water supply costs; (b) institutional reform through activating and enforcing Water Resources Council roles; (c) promoting public awareness about WDM and its benefits; (d) reducing non revenue water; (e) applying positive economic sliding scale incentives for customers who reduce their water consumption.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-03T11:33:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALANA RAMOS ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 4304665 bytes, checksum: 2efcda3c529f49b9d1315827ac6d752f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T11:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALANA RAMOS ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 4304665 bytes, checksum: 2efcda3c529f49b9d1315827ac6d752f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Capes / A mudança da gestão hídrica centralizada para a gestão descentralizada dos recursos hídricos na agenda jurídica brasileira veio com o paradigma democrático pespegado nos documentos hídricos mundiais, na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 e na Lei nº 9.433/97, denominada Lei de Águas. O órgão que se aproxima por excelência desta proposta de gestão descentralizada é o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica (CBH), pois nele estão representados o Poder Público, a Sociedade Civil e os Usuários de Água. A Paraíba sujeita-se aos comandos desta legislação hídrica inovadora e, não obstante sua política hídrica datar de 1996, os novos arranjos introduzidos alcançam necessariamente a norma jurídica paraibana. Contudo, só no ano de 2006 o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba (CBH-RIO PB) foi criado para gerenciar de forma descentralizada as questões hídricas desta bacia. Algumas pesquisas foram realizadas direta ou indiretamente sobre este colegiado, todavia, a análise sistemática da atuação do comitê desde a sua formação até a atualidade não havia sido feita, fato que impulsionou a indagação da pesquisa: quais as relações produzidas pelo CBH-RIO PB entre 2006 e 2011? Para solucionar a problemática levantada, a pesquisa propôs uma abordagem sistemático-interdisciplinar do CBH-RIO PB sob as dimensões jurídico-institucional, sociotécnica e ambiental, cujo objetivo é realizar análises comparadas com outros comitês estaduais brasileiros que apresentam estágio de atividade consolidado e avançado. O marco teórico de sustentação do trabalho perpassa pelos documentos internacionais que influenciaram a ordem jurídica brasileira, pelas leis nº 9.433/97 e nº 6.308/96 que determinam as normas gerais de formatação dos CBHs no Brasil e na Paraíba, respectivamente. O método da pesquisa constituiu-se de argumentação dedutivo-comparativa que partiu das premissas gerais contidas na Lei de Águas sobre CBHs para analisar o comitê paraibano através de comparação com comitês que possuem modelos mais consolidados. Para tanto, a comparação foi feita através dos Regimentos Internos destes comitês e do comitê do rio Paraíba, cujos documentos normativos foram coletados nos sites oficiais dos Governos Estaduais e de entidades a estes vinculadas. Sem embargo, as Atas e as Deliberações do CBH-RIO PB foram analisadas, pois o seu conteúdo consiste em fontes de dados importantes sobre o comitê. Os resultados obtidos apontam que o Regimento Interno do CBH-RIO PB padece de fragilidades que dificultam sobremaneira a execução das competências que cabem ao comitê, repercutindo de forma negativa na sustentabilidade jurídico-institucional, sociotécnica e ambiental da bacia. Assim, sugere-se a reforma do Regimento Interno do comitê paraibano tomando como referência os regimentos dos comitês participantes da comparação. / The change from a centralized and water management into a decentralized management of water resources in the Brazilian legal agenda came with the democratic paradigm ascribed in the world water documents, in the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and in the Law n. 9.433/97, called Water Law. The organism that best approaches the decentralized management proposal is the River Basin Committee (RBC), because it includes members of the Government, the Civil Society and Water Users. The State of Paraíba is submitted to the commands of this innovative water legislation and, although its water policy dates back from 1996, the new arrangements introduced necessarily reach the legal standard of the State. However, only in 2006 the River Basin Committee of Paraíba (RCB-RIO PB) was created to manage the water issues of this basin in a decentralized way. Few studies have been conducted directly or indirectly in this college. However, the systematic analysis the committee‟s performance since its formation until today had not been presented, a fact that raised the research question: what are the relations produced by RCB-RIO PB between 2006 and 2011? To solve the existing problems, the research proposes a systematic, interdisciplinary approach to the RCB-RIO PB under the legal-institutional, socio-technical and environmental dimensions, the goal of which is to conduct a comparative analysis with other Brazilian state committees whose stages of activity are consolidated and advanced. The theoretical rationale of the work permeates the international documents that influenced the Brazilian legal system, by Acts n. 9.433/97 and n. 6.308/96, which determine the general rules for formatting RBCs in Brazil and in the State of Paraiba. The research method consisted of comparative-deductive reasoning that stemmed from the general premises contained in the Water Law regarding the committee to review RCB-RIO PB by comparing it with other committees. Therefore, the comparison was made through the bylaws of these committees and the committee of Paraíba River, whose normative documents were collected from the official websites of the State Governments and their related entities. Nevertheless, the Acts and Resolutions of the RCB-RIO PB were analyzed, because its content consists of important data sources concerning the committee. The results obtained indicate that the bylaws of RCB-RIO PB suffers from weaknesses that greatly hinder the execution of the powers vested in the committee, reflecting negatively on the legal-institutional, sociotechnical and environmental sustainability in the basin. Thus, it is suggested the reform on the RCB-RIO PB bylaws through a comparison with the internal rules of the committees used in the research.

Este artículo hace una revisión a los contenidos más sobresalientes y polémicos del nuevo marco normativo de las aguas en el Ecuador, particularmente de la Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua —vigente desde la segunda mitad de 2014—, apoyándose en la categoría de «discurso del derecho» desarrollado por el jurista Óscar Correas e identificando tensiones entre las construcciones discursivas que le han dado forma. Se concluye que esta ley, que refleja la concepción política en torno a la gestión de las aguas por la «Revolución Ciudadana», da cuenta de la perspectiva de un sector que, desde el control vertical del aparataje estatal, alienta una modernización capitalista de la economía buscando sostener y ampliar el aprovechamiento rentista del agua. / Based on the concept of «law discourse content» developed by Óscar Correas, this article examines the more outstanding and controversial issues of the new water regulation framework in Ecuador, with emphasis on the «Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua», in force since second half 2014, andidentifying the tensions between the discursive constructions that frame the new regulation. This leads us to the following conclusion: the law reveals a political conception on water management by the «Citizen Revolution» which, from the vertical control of the state apparatus, encourages a capitalist modernization of the economy seeking to support and expand a rentier use of water.

This diploma thesis focuses on risk evaluation of water line for public use. The risk analysis is done in compliance with the methodology created by VODÁRENSKÁ AKCIOVÁ SPOLEČNOST, a. s. and by the method WaterRisk, created by Institute of Municipal Water management, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering. The thesis clarifies the key points of the topic in question. Its readiness for passing in the Czech Republic and its core in relation to legislature. Then the thesis also includes a description of a specific water line. In the following two chapters the risks are studied according to the methodologies chosen.