Thesis (M.S. - Watershed Management)--University of Arizona, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-105).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2008. / Title from web page (viewed on Feb. 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Water colour is the naturally occurring yellow-brown 'tea like' discolouration which can be observed in freshwaters, and is typically composed of high molecular weight organic carbon. Water discolouration is a major problem for the water industry as over the past 30 years, water colour release has more than doubled, greatly increasing treatment costs and making land management a more feasible option for improving water quality. This project was developed in conjunction with Yorkshire Water Plc, to investigate the mechanisms of water colour production, and the implications that these mechanisms have for land management to improve water quality. In particular, the study aimed to identify the key relationships between drainage water quality and quantity, soil processes and vegetation type that are pivotal to the understanding of water discolouration.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

The basic theme of this study is that determination of the economic value of water resources is a necessary condition for rational decision-making and management of these environmental assets, and their associated public goods, in developing countries. The research particularly evaluates the contingent valuation (CV) method as a technique for evaluating increments and decrements in environmental and natural resource service flows, and estimates households' evaluations for improvements in river water quality and connections to piped water supply for domestic uses. The study objectives were to (a) estimate the economic value of piped water supply and improved water quality in the Nzoia River Basin, Kenya, (b) evaluate the feasibility of using the CV technique to value an environmental amenity and its related quasi-public service in rural settings where respondents have limited education and monetary resources, (c) examine the role of temporal dimensions of bid payments (i e, frequency of payments) in contingent values for environmental commodities, (d) empirically investigate embedding effect bias in contingent valuation of improvements in river water quality improvement in a less developed economy, and (e) evaluate the role of water connection charges in households' willingness to hook onto piped water supply in Webuye Division, Kenya. Empirical analysis and estimates of the non-market value which local people assign to water quality in the Nzoia River and a private household water connection is based on a detailed survey of a representative sample of 311 households in Webuye Division of Bungoma District, Kenya. In an on-site survey carried out in May through September 1995, contingent markets were developed for the two goods, (1) improved river water quality, and, (2) provision of a private connection to water supply. The corresponding willingness to pay (WTP) values are explained using Ordinary Least Square regression models. Whatever the good, the WTP is seen to increase with income. However, the effects of other factors are more specific to the contingent good. In order of strength, the other determinants of WTP "quality" are sex, age, household ranking of status of domestic water source, distance from river to household residence, the other factors affecting WTP "connections" are existing source of water supply, household size, ranking of river water quality, and age of household head. On the whole, residents accepted the exercise of contingent valuation and were willing to pay important amounts (Ksh 459 and Ksh 386 on average per household per year, respectively, for goods 1 and 2). Discussion issues include policy significance of the resulting WTPs in terms of the demand for river pollution control and individual household water connections, the effect of the goods upon the CV evaluation process, the "Third World" impacts of frequency of payments in contingent valuation, including perceived-frequency and income-smoothing routes, the embedding effect in WTP values for water pollution abatement in the Nzoia River basin, the importance of pricing influences, specially payment profiles for initial connection charges, on household decisions to connect to piped water systems, and limitations of the study.

xi, 129 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Climate change is disrupting the underpinnings of effective water management by profoundly impacting hydrological patterns. Political entities mandated with freshwater management must respond to society's water needs as availability fluctuates and, in doing so, will encounter difficult ethical dilemmas because existing water laws are ill-equipped to resolve such problems. This thesis takes Chile's water laws as representative of the challenges in addressing ethical disparities arising from freshwater management in a changing climate and proposes that "water ethics" can effectively be used to manage freshwater resources. I examine the 1981 Water Code with a critical eye towards ethical shortcomings and also examine distributive impacts upon indigent farmers and indigenous communities. I conclude that Chile's existing water laws are inequitable because they deny legitimacy to diverse socio-cultural norms regarding water use. Principles of modern water laws must incorporate diverse cultural water laws using a legally pluralistic and ethical approach to management. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Professor Derrick Hindery; Professor Stuart Chinn

Die öffentliche Trinkwasserversorgung in Deutschland verbraucht jährlich ca. 2,4 TWh elektrische Energie, ca. 0,5% des Bundesverbrauchs. Wasserversorgungsunternehmen (WVU) gehören jedoch zu den größten Energienutzern in vielen Gemeinden. Dabei ist von einer möglichen, dauerhaften Energieeffizienzsteigerung um 10 bis 20% auszugehen. Für den Erfolg der Energiewende soll dieses Potential ausgeschöpft werden, auch bei kleinen und mittleren WVU. Dazu sind bewährte sowie neu entwickelte Ansätze gefragt, wovon eine Auswahl im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation erprobt und dargestellt wird. Die Einführung eines Energiemanagementsystems gemäß ISO 50001 beim WVU ZWA Hainichen wurde wissenschaftlich begleitet. Gegenstand war die Optimierung der Daten-gewinnung und -dokumentation und deren Nutzung in Fallbeispielen (z. B. Verringerung von Strombezugsspitzen, Steigerung der Energieeffizienz von Druckerhöhungsanlagen, Einspa-rung von Heizenergie), ergänzt durch Sonderuntersuchungen ausgewählter Anlagen. Durch diese und eigene Maßnahmen des WVU wurde eine langfristige Steigerung der Energie-effizienz um 13,8% im Trinkwasserbereich erreicht. Im indischen Bundesstaat Uttarakhand wurde die Energieeffizienz von 43 Hochleistungs-pumpen untersucht. Diese lag zwischen 27 und 57%, mit einem Mittelwert von 50%. Die Pumpstation Jinsi II wurde auf der Grundlage einer Datenanalyse und betriebstechnischer Aspekte als Demonstrationsstandort zur Energieeffizienzsteigerung durch den Austausch von 2 Pumpen gewählt. Die komplexe Auswertung der aufgenommenen Kennlinien, der Ursachen des Verschleißes und betriebstechnischen Randbedingungen führte zur Auswahl eines robusten, hocheffizienten Pumpenmodells der Firma Kirloskar mit erosionsbeständigen Laufrädern. Die Einsparung betrug 195.000 kWh/a (7,8%) bzw. 14,7 T€/a mit einer Amortisa-tionszeit von ca. 5,2 a. Es wurden 4 grundsätzliche Maßnahmen zur langfristigen Verbesserung erkannt und priorisiert. Für den energieeffizienteren Betrieb von Brunnengalerien mit Überkapazitäten wurde eine innovative Methodik entwickelt und als Software-Baustein implementiert. Diese basiert auf einer historisch-statistischen Auswertung von verfügbaren Prozessleitdaten. Die Energie-einsparung beruht auf der Nutzung energetischer Vorteile ausgewählter Brunnenkombi-nationen. Die beispielhafte Validierung erfolgte an Standorten der Fernwasserversorgung Sdier und des TAZV Eisenhüttenstadt. Das ermittelte Einsparpotential liegt bei 7,8% bzw. 10,5% (8 T€/a bzw. 12 T€/a). Die Analyse des DVGW-Leitfadens W 613 zur Energie(rück)gewinnung durch Trinkwasser-kraft ergab offene Fragen zur Ermittlung der optimalen Turbinenparameter für Standorte mit Fallleitungen und stromab angeordneten Behältern. Deshalb wurde eine Methodik zur Optimierung der Mikroturbinenparameter Durchfluss und Fallhöhe entwickelt und mit einer Wirtschaftlichkeits¬betrachtung gekoppelt. Der entwickelte Software-Baustein wurde an 9 Standorten bei 3 sächsischen WVU mit Überkapazitäten in den Zulauffallleitungen zu Trinkwasserbehältern getestet und verifiziert. Die prognostizierte Energieerzeugung reichte von 9.000 bis 180.000 kWh/a mit einem arithmetischen Mittelwert von 48.500 kWh/a. Gleichzeitig wurde diese Methode mit 3 alternativen Methoden aus den Regelwerken verglichen. Diese anderen Methoden ergaben im Durchschnitt zwischen 70% und 91% der Ergebnisse durch die neu entwickelte Methode. Die Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung der potentiellen 9 Standorte ergab, dass an 4 Standorten eine Nachrüstung mit einer Mikroturbine zu empfehlen ist, bei geschätzten Amortisationzeiten zwischen 1,7 a und 6,9 a.:Kurzfassung i Abstract ii Danksagung & Acknowledgements iii Inhaltsverzeichnis vi Abkürzungsverzeichnis viii 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Ausgangssituation 1 1.2 Motivation und Zielstellung 2 1.3 Gliederung der Arbeit 6 2 Energiemanagement in der Wasserversorgung 8 2.1 Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und den USA hinsichtlich Effizienz bei der Nutzung von Wasser und Energie 8 2.2 Die ISO 50001 als Leitfaden und Maßstab für Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen 9 2.3 Die Rolle von politischen Randbedingungen 10 3 Energiemanagement in der Praxis 13 3.1 Einführung eines Energiemanagementsystems gemäß ISO 50001 für einen sächsischen Zweckverband 13 3.2 Fünf Fallbeispiele aus dem Betrieb eines EnMS von deutschen Wasserversorgern – Inspiration für WVU in den USA 15 Fallbeispiel 1: Bestehende Daten ausnutzen, dann neue Daten erfassen 15 Fallbeispiel 2: Kosteneinsparung durch Verringerung von Leistungsspitzen und verbesserte Vertragsgestaltung 15 Fallbeispiel 3: Druckerhöhungsanlagen (DEA) – Einsparung von Pumpenergie 16 Fallbeispiel 4: Einsparung von Heizenergie in einem Wasserwerk 17 Fallbeispiel 5: Energiegewinnung durch Mikroturbinen 17 4 Energieeffizienzsteigerung von Pumpen in Uttarakhand 19 4.1 Untersuchung der Energieeffizienz von 43 Pumpanlagen im Bundesstaat Uttarakhand, Indien 19 4.2 Umsetzung einer Ersatzmaßnahme für 2 Pumpen der Pumpstation Jinsi II 19 4.3 Bewertung der Maßnahme und Wege zur weiteren Einsparung 21 5 Energieeffizienzsteigerung beim Betrieb von Brunnengalerien 24 5.1 Beschreibung der Methodik und Voraussetzungen zur Nutzung 24 5.2 Anwendung an 2 Standorten in Mitteldeutschland mit Auswertung 27 6 Energiegewinnung durch Mikroturbinen in Deutschland & Indien 30 6.1 Voraussetzungen zur Energiegewinnung & 2 Typen Turbinenstandorten 30 6.2 Methodik zur Optimierung der Energieerzeugung an Standorten mit durch Fallleitungen gespeisten Speicherbehältern (Typ 1, „gepuffert“) 31 6.3 Anwendung an 9 Standorten in Sachsen mit Auswertung 34 6.4 Machbarkeitsstudie zum Einsatz von Mikroturbinen in Uttarakhand, Indien 35 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 37 Literaturverzeichnis 42 Beiliegende Publikationen 46 Beiliegende Publikation 1 47 Beiliegende Publikation 2 65 Beiliegende Publikation 3 77 Beiliegende Publikation 4 95 Beiliegende Publikation 5 111 Beiliegende Publikation 6 125 Beiliegende Publikation 7 165 / The public water supply in Germany annually uses about 2.4 TWh of electrical energy, approximately 0.5% of the total national energy use. Water supply utilities are nevertheless often among the largest energy users within municipalities. The possible long-term improvement in energy efficiency is estimated to be 10 to 20%. To aid the successful navigation of the transition to sustainable energy use, this potential should be fully exploited, including at small and medium-sized water utilites. This requires both proven and newly developed approaches, a selection of which are tested and presented in this dissertation. The implementation of an energy management system according to ISO 50001 was scientifically supported at the water utility ZWA Hainichen. The primary activity was the optimization of data acquisition and documentation and its use in case studies (e.g. reduction of electricity demand spikes, improving the efficiency of booster stations, reducing energy use for space heating), complemented by targeted investigations of selected facilities. Through these and other measures, ZWA Hainichen was able to achieve a 13.8% long-term increase in the energy efficiency of their drinking water division. In the Indian state of Uttarakhand, the energy efficiency of 43 high-head pumps was investigated. The results ranged from 27 to 57% with a mean value of 50%. The pump station Jinsi II was chosen as a demonstration site for energy efficiency improvement based on the analysis of field data and operational aspects. The complex evaluation of the measured characteristic curves, the causes of mechanical wear and operational factors led to the selection of a robust, high-efficiency pump model from the company Kirloskar with abrasion-resistant impellers. The savings achieved was 195,000 kWh/a (7.8%) or 14,700 €/a with a payback period of 5.2 a. Four fundamental measures were recognized and prioritized for achieving long-term improvement. For the energy-efficient operation of well galeries with surplus capacity, an innovative method was developed and implemented as a software module. This method is based on a historical and statistical evaluation of readily available process control data. The energy savings is achieved through the preferential operation of more energy-efficient well combinations. Validation was performed for sites of the long-range water supplier FW Sdier and the regional water utility TAZV Eisenhüttenstadt. The estimated energy savings is 7.8% and 10.5% (8 and 12 T€/a). Analysis of the DVGW technical guidelines W 613 on energy recovery through drinking water hydropower revealed open questions regarding the determination of the optimal turbine parameters for sites with gravity pipelines and downstream storage tanks. In response, a method was developed for the optimization of the microturbine parameters flow rate and pressure drop, coupled with an economic assessment. The software module developed was tested and verified using 9 sites at 3 water utilities in the state of Saxony with surplus capacity in their inflow gravity pipelines. The projected energy generation ranged from 9,000 to 180,000 kWh/a, with an arithmetic mean of 48,500 kWh/a. This method was also compared to 3 alternative methods from technical guidelines. These other methods yielded on average 70 to 91% of the energy generation estimated using the newly developed method. Economic assessment of the potential 9 sites showed that 4 sites are suitable for retrofitting with a microturbine, with estimated payback periods between 1.7 and 6.9 a.:Kurzfassung i Abstract ii Danksagung & Acknowledgements iii Inhaltsverzeichnis vi Abkürzungsverzeichnis viii 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Ausgangssituation 1 1.2 Motivation und Zielstellung 2 1.3 Gliederung der Arbeit 6 2 Energiemanagement in der Wasserversorgung 8 2.1 Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und den USA hinsichtlich Effizienz bei der Nutzung von Wasser und Energie 8 2.2 Die ISO 50001 als Leitfaden und Maßstab für Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen 9 2.3 Die Rolle von politischen Randbedingungen 10 3 Energiemanagement in der Praxis 13 3.1 Einführung eines Energiemanagementsystems gemäß ISO 50001 für einen sächsischen Zweckverband 13 3.2 Fünf Fallbeispiele aus dem Betrieb eines EnMS von deutschen Wasserversorgern – Inspiration für WVU in den USA 15 Fallbeispiel 1: Bestehende Daten ausnutzen, dann neue Daten erfassen 15 Fallbeispiel 2: Kosteneinsparung durch Verringerung von Leistungsspitzen und verbesserte Vertragsgestaltung 15 Fallbeispiel 3: Druckerhöhungsanlagen (DEA) – Einsparung von Pumpenergie 16 Fallbeispiel 4: Einsparung von Heizenergie in einem Wasserwerk 17 Fallbeispiel 5: Energiegewinnung durch Mikroturbinen 17 4 Energieeffizienzsteigerung von Pumpen in Uttarakhand 19 4.1 Untersuchung der Energieeffizienz von 43 Pumpanlagen im Bundesstaat Uttarakhand, Indien 19 4.2 Umsetzung einer Ersatzmaßnahme für 2 Pumpen der Pumpstation Jinsi II 19 4.3 Bewertung der Maßnahme und Wege zur weiteren Einsparung 21 5 Energieeffizienzsteigerung beim Betrieb von Brunnengalerien 24 5.1 Beschreibung der Methodik und Voraussetzungen zur Nutzung 24 5.2 Anwendung an 2 Standorten in Mitteldeutschland mit Auswertung 27 6 Energiegewinnung durch Mikroturbinen in Deutschland & Indien 30 6.1 Voraussetzungen zur Energiegewinnung & 2 Typen Turbinenstandorten 30 6.2 Methodik zur Optimierung der Energieerzeugung an Standorten mit durch Fallleitungen gespeisten Speicherbehältern (Typ 1, „gepuffert“) 31 6.3 Anwendung an 9 Standorten in Sachsen mit Auswertung 34 6.4 Machbarkeitsstudie zum Einsatz von Mikroturbinen in Uttarakhand, Indien 35 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 37 Literaturverzeichnis 42 Beiliegende Publikationen 46 Beiliegende Publikation 1 47 Beiliegende Publikation 2 65 Beiliegende Publikation 3 77 Beiliegende Publikation 4 95 Beiliegende Publikation 5 111 Beiliegende Publikation 6 125 Beiliegende Publikation 7 165

Physically decentralised water management systems may contribute to improving the sustainability of urban water management. Any shift toward decentralised systems needs to consider not just physical system design but also social values, knowledge frames, and organisations, and their interconnections to the physical technology. Four cases of recent Australian urban water management improvement projects were researched using qualitative methods. Three cases were of decentralised water management innovation. The other was of a centralised system, although decentralised options had been considered. These cases were studied to identify institutional barriers and enablers for the uptake of decentralised systems, and to better understand how emerging environmental engineering knowledge might be applied to overcome an implementation gap for decentralised urban water technologies. Analysis of each case focused on the institutional elements of urban water management, namely: the values, knowledge frames and organisational structures. These elements were identified through in-depth interviews, document review, and an on-line survey. The alignment of these elements was identified as being a significant contributor to the stability of centralised systems, or to change toward decentralised systems. A new organisational home for innovative knowledge was found to be common to each case where decentralised innovation occurred. ??Institutional entrepreneurs??, strong stakeholder engagement, and inter-organisational networks were all found to be linked to the creation of shared meaning and legitimacy for organisational and technological change. Existing planning frameworks focus on expert justification for change rather than institutional support for change. Institutional factors include shared understandings, values and organisational frameworks, and the alignment of each factor. Principles for, and examples of, appropriate organisational design for enabling and managing decentralised technological innovation for urban water management are proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the institutional basis and dynamics of urban water management, particularly in relation to physical centralisation and decentralisation of urban water management technologies and, to a lesser extent, in relation to user involvement in urban water management. Understanding of factors that contribute to enabling and constraining decentralised technologies is extended to include institutional and organisational factors. New and practical pathways for change for the implementation of decentralised urban water systems are provided.

Physically decentralised water management systems may contribute to improving the sustainability of urban water management. Any shift toward decentralised systems needs to consider not just physical system design but also social values, knowledge frames, and organisations, and their interconnections to the physical technology. Four cases of recent Australian urban water management improvement projects were researched using qualitative methods. Three cases were of decentralised water management innovation. The other was of a centralised system, although decentralised options had been considered. These cases were studied to identify institutional barriers and enablers for the uptake of decentralised systems, and to better understand how emerging environmental engineering knowledge might be applied to overcome an implementation gap for decentralised urban water technologies. Analysis of each case focused on the institutional elements of urban water management, namely: the values, knowledge frames and organisational structures. These elements were identified through in-depth interviews, document review, and an on-line survey. The alignment of these elements was identified as being a significant contributor to the stability of centralised systems, or to change toward decentralised systems. A new organisational home for innovative knowledge was found to be common to each case where decentralised innovation occurred. ??Institutional entrepreneurs??, strong stakeholder engagement, and inter-organisational networks were all found to be linked to the creation of shared meaning and legitimacy for organisational and technological change. Existing planning frameworks focus on expert justification for change rather than institutional support for change. Institutional factors include shared understandings, values and organisational frameworks, and the alignment of each factor. Principles for, and examples of, appropriate organisational design for enabling and managing decentralised technological innovation for urban water management are proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the institutional basis and dynamics of urban water management, particularly in relation to physical centralisation and decentralisation of urban water management technologies and, to a lesser extent, in relation to user involvement in urban water management. Understanding of factors that contribute to enabling and constraining decentralised technologies is extended to include institutional and organisational factors. New and practical pathways for change for the implementation of decentralised urban water systems are provided.

Water is both a human right and a valuable commodity. Access to water for the rural poor is an international development concern that has been highlighted by the Millennium Development Goals adopted at the Millennium Summit in 2000 in Dublin, Ireland. South Africa's Free Basic Water policy is the government's response to assuring access to water for all - especially those who cannot pay. The policy, however, is required to work within an economic framework that promotes cost recovery and privatisation. The Free Basic Water Policy was officially implemented in July 2001. The policy was rolled out in most urban areas on or near this date. However, in rural areas it has proven much more difficult, and there are many areas that have not yet seen the implementation of Free Basic Water (FBW). This is partly due to varying financial, technical, political and logistical problems at the local and district municipality level. This research investigates the current situation in rural municipalities, looking specifically at FBW policy, institutional arrangements, operation and maintenance costs, cost per capita and affordability in relation to the Equitable Share allocations. Five case studies - compiled through interviews, document analyses, Participatory Rural Appraisal, and workshops provide a broad scale research base from which to analyse the current implementation of FBW in rural municipalities and ascertain whether this policy is affordable at this level. Water Service Authorities (WSA) are at varying levels of implementation, with few having a fully operational policy that is reaching rural areas. A costing exercise revealed that the service delivery price of water varies, but does follow a trend. From this trend a benchmark cost per capita of R5.84/month was determined. This price, although low, is not currently affordable in some municipalities due to insufficient government grants from National Treasury. These grants are fundamental to the sustainability of FBW and the situation must be resolved if FBW is to reach its target market - the poorest of the poor. The mixed success in the implementation of Free Basic Water in rural areas of South Africa should not be taken as indicative of future trends. As the local government transition to newly devolved powers and functions is completed, the capacity at this level to resolve the challenges is more likely. Subject to the continued strength of the South African economy, this policy could be a solution to the historical failure of service delivery to rural areas. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.