Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2005. / Principal faculty advisor: William Ritter, Dept. of Bioresources Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

In my work study I was evaluating na influence of water areas on proposal of new land layout within comprehensive land arrangement of Branná district. Analyzing current hydrology situation I found that in this location there are 17 ponds of measurement between 1 hectare and 43,5 hectares. To improve hydrology conditions I have suggested some appropriate actions. I was observing 8 ponds which were included in the program of Complex land adaptation running between 2006 and 2011. On the basis of maps of the ex-land registry, the estate cadastre and new digital maps of this area I was comparing measurement, differences in proportions and changes of property. Some amendments has been described in more detail.

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This dissertation reviews the progress in climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) multi-scale models and proposes a framework for quantitative assessment of multi-sector long-term policies. The so-called CLEW nexus approaches have shown their usefulness in assessing strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in the contexts of increasing demands, resource scarcity, and climate change. This thesis contributes to existing research by (1) focusing on the palette of feasible long-term sustainable solutions at different scales to face current and future sustainable development challenges; (2) improving understanding of how CLEW models can best advise on sustainable development research and highlighting the strengths and limitations of existing configurations; (3) inquiring what is needed for new tools to be accessible, transferable and successful in informing the final user. This dissertation first reviews a set of models that can meet the needs of decision makers discussing research gaps and critical needs and opportunities for further model development from a scientific viewpoint. Particular attention is given to model accessibility, usability, and community support. The review explores at different scales where and why some nexus interactions are most relevant, finding, for example, that both very small scale and global models tend to neglect some CLEW interactions. This dissertation also presents the Nexus Solutions Tool (NEST): a new open modeling platform that integrates multi-scale energy-water-land resource optimization with distributed hydrological modeling. The new approach provides insights into the vulnerability of water, energy and land resources to future socioeconomic and climatic change and how multi-sectoral policies, technological solutions and investments can improve the resilience and sustainability of transformation pathways while avoiding counterproductive interactions among sectors. Finally, a case study analysis of the Indus River Basin in South Asia demonstrates the capability of the NEST framework to capture important interlinkages across system transformation pathways towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The results show how the Indus countries could lower costs for development and reduce soil pollution and water stress, by cooperating on water resources, electricity and food production. / Graduate

Infiltration, the process of water movement through the soil surface is one of most important hydrological processes to be considered in watershed management. The process depends on rainfall, soil, vegetation and topographic conditions. The last three variables can be influenced by human land-uses. This study is concerned with the influence of landuse types (categories) on infiltration at the upper Ciliwung watershed of West-Java, Indonesia. Sixty six infiltration measurements were carried out in 5 types of land-uses i.e. natural forest, agriculture, settlement, productive (old) tea and new tea plantation areas. The measurements were done using ring infiltrometers. The data obtained were expressed in the form of Philip's equation I = st1I2 + At, where I is cumulative infiltration; S is sorptivity; t is time; A is a parameter which was calculated from saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). Crown cover, slope gradient and soil variables such as soil moisture, organic carbon content, total porosity, bulk density were also analysed from each of the 66 sites. The results of the study shows that land-use types have significant influence on these soil variables and on infiltration. Crown cover and human activities in term of land management are among the most important factors which affect soil condition. These variables mostly influence total porosity of soil which is the most important variable to determine sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. High percentage of crown cover and less human activity in forest area result in high accumulation of litter and humus and high total porosity of soil. On the other hand, settlement and new tea plantation areas have comparatively low crown cover and more frequent human activity which result in soil compaction. Discriminant function analysis of land-use categories shows that the soil under forest is very distinct from the soils under other land-use types. However, the soils under the remaining land-use types are more similar to each other, especially between the soil of settlement and tea plantations. The rank of infiltration rate from the highest to the lowest magnitude is as follows; natural forest, agriculture, productive tea plantation, new tea plantation and settlement areas. Infiltration rates under natural forest and agriculture are significantly different from each other as well as from those in the last three land- use types. However, there are no significant differences in infiltration rates among the last three land-use types. The result of this study also provides basic information for landuse management and further research in order to solve soil and water conservation and management problems in the watershed.

Disputats. Rheinische Friedrick-Wilhelms-Universität, 2000. / Haves kun i elektronisk udg.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-06T14:58:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LAÍSE DO NASCIMENTO CABRAL - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 9483344 bytes, checksum: 315ce27203fe20484347014916300318 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T14:58:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAÍSE DO NASCIMENTO CABRAL - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 9483344 bytes, checksum: 315ce27203fe20484347014916300318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Este trabalho consistiu em avaliar e analisar a gestão dos recursos naturais com foco nos recursos hídricos (demanda, usos, quantidade e qualidade) e da terra (ocupação, plantio, animais) nas sociedades rurais do Semiárido Paraibano com foco nas comunidades do KM 21, em Campina Grande (Agreste paraibano) e Pedra Redonda (Curimataú paraibano) em Pocinhos, buscando-se uma maior compreensão da vivência e convivência das famílias na região Semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Os velhos problemas são os efeitos adversos da seca e adimensional da pluviosidade no Semiárido nordestino paraibano e seus efeitos no cotidiano das famílias rurais na gestão da água, usos e das práticas do solo. O objeto de estudo é a gestão dos recursos socioeconômicos e ambientais das famílias rurais nestas comunidades. O objetivo geral é compreender como os sistemas rurais familiares são afetados e respondem as disposições e meios de convívio que estas populações têm como subsídios, a exemplo, os tanques de pedra como sistemas de captação e armazenamento de água da chuva; como a água captada é utilizada no processo de gestão para melhorar a vida das famílias; e como ocorrem os usos do recurso hídrico para as famílias, os animais e as lavouras; todos estes fatores preponderantes para a convivência do homem nas regiões rurais semiáridas. Para isso, foram aplicados 5 questionários na comunidade KM 21, o que corresponde a 50% das famílias desta localidade, e 14 na comunidade Pedra Redonda, o que remete a 21% das famílias desta comunidade. Entrevistas semiestruturadas também foram realizadas com os moradores mais antigos. Para localizar e mapear os corpos hídricos e as áreas de uso e ocupação do solo foi utilizado um aparelho de GPS (Global Position System) – de marca Garmin Etrex. Os resultados mostram que a maioria das famílias das duas comunidades vive da água pluvial que é captada nos tanques de pedra e armazenada nas residências (em cisternas, tonéis e caixas d’água) para os diversos fins. A estação chuvosa dá-se de março a julho nos dois municípios; e, neste período, no município de Campina Grande chove 554 mm (69% do total acumulado anual – T.A.A.), já em Pocinhos chove 285 mm (74% do T.A.A.); os resultados das análises químicas e bacteriológicas mostraram que as águas dos reservatórios - tanques de pedra - encontravam-se contaminadas em suas fontes, sendo impróprias para o consumo humano; podendo apenas ser utilizada após tratamento simplificado de desinfecção; porém, podem ser utilizadas para o manejo em horticulturas, por ser considerada água doce de classe 1 (C1) e possui níveis permitidos de sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD). Observou-se, também, que as culturas mais disseminadas são o milho, feijão, a mandioca e as horticulturas (em geral, divididas entre ervas fitoterápicas, temperos, verduras e legumes), gerando subsistência e renda para as famílias. As conclusões mostram que o processo de gestão ocorre de modo deficitário, devido ao baixo nível de escolarização (conhecimento) das comunidades e a falta de assistência técnica especializada. Como recomendação sugere-se o auxílio do Programa Social P1+2, no qual as famílias são selecionadas a partir dos critérios de convivência, permanência, tipos de solo, cobertura e uso do solo das comunidades, dentre outros atributos de ordem social, econômica e ambiental, e que certamente colaboram para o processo de gestão e seguridade social. / This work consisted in assess and review the management of natural resources with a focus on water resources (demand, uses, quantity and quality) and earth (occupation, planting, animals) in rural societies of Paraíba Semiarid with focus on communities KM 21, in Campina Grande (Agreste Paraibano) and Pedra Redonda (Curimataú Paraibano) in Pocinhos, search for an a greater understanding of living and living together of the families in the Semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. The old problems are the adverse effects of drought and dimensionless rainfall in semiarid northeastern Paraíba and its effects on the daily life of the rural households in the management of water use and soil practices. The object of study is the management of socioeconomic and environmental resources of rural households in these communities. The general objective is to understand how family rural systems are affected and respond the provisions means that these populations have as grants, the example, the stone tanks as systems for capturing and rainwater storage; as the water captured is utilized in the management process to improve the lives of families; and how they occur the uses of water resources for families, animals and plantations; all these preponderant factors living together of man in Semiarid rural areas. To this end, questionnaires were applied in 5 families in the KM 21 community, which corresponds to 50% of households in this locality, and 14 in Pedra Redonda community, which refers to 21% of the families in this community. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with older residents. To locate and map the watercourses and areas of land use and occupation was used a GPS device (Global Position System) - Garmin Etrex brand. The results show that most of the families of the two communities live rainwater that is captured in stone tanks and stored in homes (with tankertrucks, bucket and water tanks) for various purposes. The rainy season occurs from March to July in both municipalities; and in this period, in Campina Grande it rains 554 mm (69% of total accumulated annual – T.A.A.), already in Pocinhos it rains 285 mm (74% of T.A.A.); the results of chemical and bacteriological analyzes showed that the waters of the reservoirs - stone tanks - found themselves contaminated in their origin, being improper for human consumption; may be used after simplified treatment of disinfection; however, they may be utilized in horticulture for management, for being considered freshwater Class 1 (C1) and possess permitted levels of total dissolved solids (TDS). It was observed also that the most widespread crops are maize, beans, mandioc and horticultural (usually divided between phytotherapic herbs, condiments and vegetables), generating livelihoods and income for families. The conclusions show that the management process occurs in deficit mode, due to the low level of education (knowledge) of the communities and the lack of specialized technical assistance. As recommendations is suggested the aid of the Social Program P1 + 2, in which households are selected from the living together criteria, permanency, types of soil, cover and land use communities, among other attributes of social, economic and environmental, and certainly collaborate to the process management and social security.

Sand-pits which were formed especially in the floodplain of the Lužnice River since the 1950s currently constitute important landscape element of the Třeboň Basin. My diploma thesis is focused on the assessment of the impact of land use on the former sand-pits in the region of Veselí nad Lužnicí. Field investigations were carried out from the beginning of June till the end of August 2008. I mapped the land use of this area by using a map key. I put down particular areas {--} agricultural areas, forest areas, water areas, bild-up areas, other areas {--} into map photographs. The total area of the mapped territory was 989 hecteres. The biggest part of the area comprises of forest growths and field-grown plants. Water areas (with the main element of the mapped area {--} a system of former sandpits) formed 23% of the total area. On the bank sof the sand-pits were placed phytosociological relevé, which illustrated littoral vegetation and environment in which this vegetation is located, and what is the influence of human activity on vegetation. I placed 74 phytosociological relevé in this system. I recorded 125 plant species {--} out of these were 104 herb plants and 21 woody species. I recorded 41 nitrophilous, 52 wetland, 16 ruderal and 2 stronngly endangered species. Altogether, 20 water samplings were carried out. Horusice I sand-pit is the richest in nutrient, the poorest in nutrients is Horusice sand-pit.