From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona / During the summer of 1989, a water balance study was conducted at Lee Valley Reservoir, located approximately 19 miles southwest of the town of Eagar in Apache County, Arizona. The objectives of this study were to quantify evaporation and seepage losses from the lake and substantiate the use of a land-based evaporation pan to estimate lake evaporation. Lake level, inflow, controlled releases, precipitation and evaporation were measured on a twice weekly basis for six months from May 1 to October 31. Evaporation was measured in a Class A evaporation pan designed to float in the reservoir. Evaporation was also measured at a Class A land pan near the town of Eagar. A 1.0 inch difference in the estimated rate and the measured rate for a 147-day period of common record represents a 3.6% error between the land-based pan and the floating pan. Total losses from the lake over the six -month period were 224 acre-feet. Of this loss controlled releases accounted for 8.2 acre-feet, and evaporation was measured at 116 acre-feet. The remaining loss of 100 acre-feet is due to seepage, much of which can be seen as seeps rising within 800 feet downstream from the dam. Using average data from past years, an annual water balance for the lake was also calculated.

From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona / Effects of applications of cytokinin-like and gibberellic growth regulators, nitrogen fertilizer, and irrigation on the development of containerized eldarica pine (Pinus brutia var. eldarica) seedlings was studied in a greenhouse for 13 weeks. All concentrations of growth regulators reduced nitrogen content of needles and dry weight of shoots; importantly, medium and high concentrations also adversely affected root collar diameter growth and shoot elongation. Nitrogen fertilization alone was not significant in its effect on seedling development, due probably to the nitrogen-rich nature of the potting medium. It is suggested that contentration is a critical factor when applying growth regulators, as phytotoxicity of seedlings can result at high rates.

From the Proceedings of the 1991 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 20, 1991, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona / The erosion process by overland flow was analyzed in its fundamental aspects. A general predictive erosion equation was developed by combining the conditions for conservation of mass of the sediment, boundary hydraulic shear, and the sediment transport formula of Einstein-Brown. The ability of the equation to predict sediment yield from overland flow areas was demonstrated using field data from rainfall simulator plots. Comparison of the results indicated that the erosion equation presented herein can be used to predict sediment yield from unrilled overland flow areas with satisfactory confidence.

From the Proceedings of the 1991 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 20, 1991, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona / New technical approaches and cost cutting alternatives are being utilized in the environmental engineering field. These unique methods are used in the mapping, delineation and remediation of contaminated sites. One development which has seen a sudden increase in the recent past is the utilization of soil vapor surveys to map contamination plumes in the vadose zone. Using the soil vapor method, industrial sites and sites containing potential buried drums or underground storage tanks can be quickly evaluated for the presence of volatile contaminants. This information can be especially important in property transactions where buyers desire to protect themselves from potential costly clean-ups. The soil vapor survey consists of sampling volatile vapors in the vadose zone and analysis of the vapors on analytical instruments. The survey targets those contaminants which have volatilized from residues in soils or shallow ground water. One method of sampling soil vapors is penetrating five to ten feet into the sub-surface with a sampling probe. Upon collection of the vapors, concentrations may be measured. The analytical instruments can range from simple Drager Tubes to a laboratory gas chromatograph. The methodology for selecting sampling locations depends on the site. An underground storage tank facility may be approached by completing sampling locations at the tank pit and near the product lines. A grid sampling location map may be used to sample a property with an unknown organic content. Soil vapor surveys have limitations in regards to soil types, sampling depths and constituents being analyzed. However, given the proper conditions, soil vapor surveys can provide qualitative data at lower costs than alternative methods.

From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada

From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada

From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada / Casa del Agua is a research and demonstration project to test the efficiency and liveability of a house that has been relandscaped and redesigned with water saving and recycling devices. Ongoing research focuses on six interrelated tasks: 1) water quality and sampling to characterize graywater and rainwater and to determine their potential to impact the environment; 2) water balance analysis that quantifies fresh water use, graywater production and use, and rooftop runoff and use; 3) evaluation of system components that could enhance graywater reuse; and 4) maintenance and modification of existing systems. An interpretation of recent data and information derived from the performance of the above tasks indicates the effectiveness of the project's water-saving strategies, as well as other significant findings relevant to water conservation in an urban, residential setting.

From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada / A typical single family residence in Tucson, Arizona (Casa del Agua) was retrofitted with water conserving devices, graywater and rainwater recycling systems, and a low water use landscape. An educational tour designed to promote the incorporation of these water saving techniques has been ongoing at the home since December, 1985. A questionnaire survey was administered between April and July 1988 to determine the extent of water conservation behavior, demonstrated by the adoption of the water conservation techniques, of the Pima County population and the tour participants. Both population samples exhibited similar water conservation behaviors. It was also determined, from the analysis of the survey results, that the tour led to additional water conservation technique adoption.