This study was conducted to determine water intake. Forty-four Holstein bull calves were evaluated to investigate the effects of starter intake, body weight, temperature and time to predict water intake. A model was developed using PROC GLM in SAS. Least square means separation were used to identify significant effects. Starter intake was a significant variable (P < 0.05) in predicting the water intake of a calf, especially after day 21 when starter intake and water intake were both increasing. Water intake was increased by calves with fecal scores of 1 and 2. However, water intake was significantly different for calves with fecal scores of 3 or 4 with a (P < 0.05) which had decreased water intake. The interaction between scours and fecal score were not significant. Water intakes significantly differ in calves that had scour and in calves not experimented scours.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Science and Industry / Micheal J. Brouk / Data obtained from 50 individual published studies recording water intake by dairy cattle were utilized in a meta-analysis to develop a prediction equation for free water intake (FWI). Studies were selected based on quantitative measurements of DMI, diet DM%, water intake (WI), and milk yield. Many of the studies determined FWI on multiple treatments resulting in 116 mean data points from the 50 studies. With the addition of Na in the meta-analysis, 40 data points were available from the studies to examine the effects of Na on FWI. The effects of DMI, ration water intake (RWI), and milk yield (MY) were used to develop a FWI prediction equation from the 116 data points. The effects of DMI, RWI, MY, and sodium intake were used to develop a second prediction equation from the 40 data points. These equations were then compared with five published FWI prediction equations from Castle and Thomas (1975), Dahlborn et al. (1998), Little and Shaw (1978), Murphy et al. (1983) and Stockdale and King (1983). This data set showed that the five published equations either over or under predicted (P < 0.05) FWI when compared the actual FWI calculated from the meta-analysis data points. It also showed that the equation developed from the meta-analysis data points is the more accurate in determining FWI from the data points selected from the studies. A second project was conducted with the fresh water data collected from 13 freestall (FS) and 11 dry lot (DL) Kansas dairies over a 10-year period (2000-2009). Fresh water was recorded from water pumping records. Data were first summarized annually by operation and then converted to a per cow per day basis prior to analysis. Data were then analyzed by using the mixed procedures of SAS. Fixed effects included in the model were dairy type (FS or DL) and year was considered a random effect. The DL dairies averaged 186 L/cow per day and were lower than the FS dairies which averaged 237 L/cow per day. Differences between DL and FS style dairies may have been due to differences in parlor fresh water usage or cow cooling systems.

Understanding the physiological and behavioural reasons that result in voluntary water intake and the volume subsequently consumed in both the work place and during and following an exercise setting can provide further information on water balance and the necessity and requirements of water intake. The first study (Chapter 3) aimed to assess hydration status in the adult population at the start and end of a working day and the amount of water from beverages that was consumed. Urine osmolality and urine specific gravity (USG) suggested a large proportion of subjects arrived (osmolality: 54%; USG: 53%) and left (osmolality: 35%; USG: 33%) work in a hypohydrated state, with variation between subjects in the same and different places of work. Reported water intake varied between groups with males consuming more than females. To further examine hydration status it was proposed to assess the use of capillary blood sampling as an alternative to more restrictive venous blood sampling (Chapter 4), however, despite tracking changes in blood parameters in a similar capacity, the inconsistencies of results suggested capillary blood sampling could not be used reliably. The remaining chapters in the thesis examined voluntary water intake. In Chapter 5 this was during and following exercise in the cold. Less water was consumed compared to exercise in a warm environment and there was an indication of a blunted thirst response in the cold. Following high intensity intermittent exercise, more water was voluntarily consumed during a one hour recovery period compared to when continuous exercise of the same average power output was performed (Chapter 6). Following exercise there was increased serum osmolality, serum sodium concentration, plasma vasopressin concentration and blood lactate concentration compared to baseline values. The relative contribution that decreasing blood lactate concentrations and water intake during the recovery period had on serum osmolality could not be determined, so the study in Chapter 7 was carried out. The time period during which voluntary water intake was allowed was manipulated during a recovery period following a period of high intensity intermittent exercise. Allowing water intake for the full hour, the final 30 minutes or not at all, resulted in similar decreases in serum osmolality throughout the duration of the recovery period. A combination of finishing the period of exercise allowing plasma volume restoration, reduction in blood lactate concentration, reduction in serum sodium concentration, a restoration of blood lactate concentration and water intake appeared to contribute to decreased serum osmolality. Sensations of thirst were the main stimulants of voluntary water intake (Chapters 3, 5, 6 and 7), however, following exercise, sensations of thirst resulted in water consumption despite the majority of subjects not losing enough water (>2% body mass loss) to require additional rehydration. In this thesis, it can be concluded that voluntary water intake differs between individuals, between work environments, during and following exercise in different environments and following different exercise intensities. Water intake is generally initiated by sensations of thirst arising from physiological and behavioural mechanisms even in the absence of significant hypohydration and will reduce once satiated.

Objectives. This study aimed to provide data on water intake from food and beverages of free-living adults in their natural environment, and investigate how this is affected by physiological, psychological, social and environmental factors. A further aim was to monitor the hydration status of free-living adults and relate this data to water intake. Methods The consumption of all food and beverages was recorded in a diary over three consecutive days by 80 healthy adults (40 males, 40 females), aged 18 to 65 years, who were instructed to continue their normal eating and drinking habits and lifestyles throughout the study. The data was analysed to determine total daily water intake and how this was affected by time of day, day of the week, presence of others, location of consumption, age and subjects mood. A further 20 healthy subjects (10 males, 10 females) repeated these procedures but also had blood samples taken for monitoring of blood indices (haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, sodium concentration, and potassium concentration) and provided urine samples for the measurement of urine indices (volume, colour, specific gravity, osmolality and sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine concentrations). Results The total volume of water consumed by the 80 subjects was 2229  882 ml/day (mean  standard deviation). Females tended to consume more water than males (2402  827 ml/day vs 2056  911 ml/day, P = 0.079). Similar volumes were consumed by the additional 20 subjects in the hydration status study. Females appeared euhydrated; males appeared mild dehydrated, having a higher morning and 24-hour urine specific gravity and osmolality than females (P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions The mean daily total volume of water consumed by females in this study was greater than the adequate intake value set by the European Food Safety Authority; for males it was lower. Females were euhydrated during the study but males tended to be mild dehydrated, reflecting their comparative water intakes.

O presente trabalho propõe a utilização da \"superfórmula\" como solução de dimensionamento de estruturas hidrodinâmicas na engenharia hidráulica. Para tanto, apresentam-se neste trabalho os métodos atualmente empregados para o dimensionamento de uma tomada d\'água, apresenta-se também o que é a \"superfórmula\", como se chegou a ela e a possibilidade de sua aplicação na engenharia, necessitando para isso algumas parametrizações. A introdução da \"superfórmula\" na engenharia hidráulica tem o objetivo de facilitar o dimensionamento de estruturas e reduzir as complexidades, com foco no desenvolvimento de formas geométricas ideais com vistas à hidrodinâmica e especificamente para a tomada d\'água, tem o objetivo de encontrar uma transição entre seções onde a perda de carga seja mínima, para isso, propõe-se uma modelação matemática para otimização da estrutura da tomada d\'água, baseada no conceito de aceleração convectiva máxima. / This dissertation proposes that \"superfórmula\" have high potential use in solutions for hydrodynamic design of hydraulic structures. Thus, it presents, the methods currently employed for the design of a water intake, also presents what is \"superfórmula\", how it discovered and application possibility in engineering, requiring for it some parameterizations. The introduction of \"superfórmula\" in hydraulic engineering aims to facilitate the design of structures and reduce the complexities, focusing on the development of ideal geometric shapes with a view to hydrodynamic and specifically for water intake, aims to find a transition between sections where the head loss. For this, it proposes a mathematical model to optimize the water intake structure based on the concept of maximum convective acceleration.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-23T17:32:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio Leonardo Neves.pdf: 2909567 bytes, checksum: a962e9493a93ecd2b5b1d0c54d5b4fef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-23T17:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio Leonardo Neves.pdf: 2909567 bytes, checksum: a962e9493a93ecd2b5b1d0c54d5b4fef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-05 / FAURGS - Fundação de Apoio da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul / A contribuição da energia hidráulica na matriz energética nacional, segundo o Balanço Energético Nacional de 2011, é de aproximadamente 88,8%. Apesar da tendência de aumento de outras fontes energéticas, tais como: térmica, eólica, solar, tudo indica que a energia hidráulica continuará sendo, por muitos anos, a principal fonte geradora de energia elétrica do Brasil. Antes de se tornar energia elétrica, a energia hidráulica deve ser transformada em energia cinética que através de uma turbina é convertida em energia mecânica. Como último elemento do sistema, um gerador acoplado a turbina gera energia elétrica onde é distribuída aos consumidores. A eficiência de uma usina hidrelétrica pode ser afetada pelas condições de alimentação de água para sua tomada d'água. Esta operação deve ser estável, evitando distúrbios que possam interferir no desempenho do sistema. A formação de vórtices a montante das tomadas de água são causas de perda de eficiência e podem causar danos nas instalações, provocando paradas não programadas. Por isto, a formação de vórtices deve ser conhecida e evitada. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o fenômeno de formação de vórtices em tomadas de água de hidrelétricas. Os resultados obtidos podem ser úteis para orientar projetos de novas instalações, ampliação de capacidade instalada de usinas em operação, e até mesmo para subsidiar as operações de usinas que possuem características que possam favorecer a formação de vórtices. Este trabalho faz parte do projeto ANEEL (PD-0394-0912/2011): "Formação de Vórtices em Tomadas De Água de Usinas Hidrelétricas", com patrocínio de Furnas Centrais Hidrelétricas S.A. e apoio do LAHE (Laboratório de Hidráulica Experimental de Furnas) e do IPH (Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). O estudo é realizado com utilização de software comercial ANSYS-CFX, analisando diversos casos de submergência, vazão volumétrica e modelo de turbulência. O modelo matemático é composto pelas equações da conservação da massa e quantidade de movimento, assim como de suas respectivas condições de contorno. A validação dos resultados numéricos foi realizada comparando-se este com aqueles observados no modelo experimental do IPH-UFRGS em escala de tomada de água vertical desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da UFRGS. / According to the 2011 National Energy Balance the contribution of hydro energy in the national energy matrix is approximately 88.8%. Despite the increasing trend of other energy sources, such as thermal, wind and solar power, everything indicates that hydropower will remain for many years the main source of electric power in Brazil. Before becoming electricity, hydropower must be transformed into kinetic energy that through a turbine is converted into mechanical energy. As a final element of the system, coupled to a generator turbine generates electricity which is distributed to consumers. The efficiency of a hydroelectric plant may be affected by conditions of water supply to it’s water intake. This operation should be stable, avoiding disturbances that can affect the system performance. The formation of vortices upstream of water intakes are causes of efficiency loss and can cause damage to the premises, causing unscheduled and unplanned downtime. Therefore, the formation of vortexes must be known and avoided. The objective of this work is to study the phenomenon of vortex and its formation at water intakes in a hydroelectric station. Obtaining results may be useful in guiding the design of new facilities, expansion of installed capacity of power plants in operation, and even to subsidizing the operations of plants that have characteristics that may favor the formation of vortices. This work is part of the research project: “Formation of vortices taken in water for hydroelectric plants”, with sponsorship and support from the Furnas Hydroelectric Hydraulics Laboratory of Experimental Furnas-LAHE and the Institute of Hydraulic Research -IPH/UFRGS. The studies is conducted using commercial software ANSYS CFX-analyzing several cases of submergence, water flow and turbulence model. The mathematical model composed by the mass and momentum equations as well as their respective boundary conditions is applied to a model of vertical water intake. The validation of the numerical results is obtained from literature data with existing studies on water intakes and vortex formation, as well as a verification of results found in the scale model of a vertical water intake developed by the Institute of Hydraulic Research UFRGS.

O presente trabalho propõe a utilização da \"superfórmula\" como solução de dimensionamento de estruturas hidrodinâmicas na engenharia hidráulica. Para tanto, apresentam-se neste trabalho os métodos atualmente empregados para o dimensionamento de uma tomada d\'água, apresenta-se também o que é a \"superfórmula\", como se chegou a ela e a possibilidade de sua aplicação na engenharia, necessitando para isso algumas parametrizações. A introdução da \"superfórmula\" na engenharia hidráulica tem o objetivo de facilitar o dimensionamento de estruturas e reduzir as complexidades, com foco no desenvolvimento de formas geométricas ideais com vistas à hidrodinâmica e especificamente para a tomada d\'água, tem o objetivo de encontrar uma transição entre seções onde a perda de carga seja mínima, para isso, propõe-se uma modelação matemática para otimização da estrutura da tomada d\'água, baseada no conceito de aceleração convectiva máxima. / This dissertation proposes that \"superfórmula\" have high potential use in solutions for hydrodynamic design of hydraulic structures. Thus, it presents, the methods currently employed for the design of a water intake, also presents what is \"superfórmula\", how it discovered and application possibility in engineering, requiring for it some parameterizations. The introduction of \"superfórmula\" in hydraulic engineering aims to facilitate the design of structures and reduce the complexities, focusing on the development of ideal geometric shapes with a view to hydrodynamic and specifically for water intake, aims to find a transition between sections where the head loss. For this, it proposes a mathematical model to optimize the water intake structure based on the concept of maximum convective acceleration.

High dietary sodium intake is hypothesized to increase food intake (FI), fluid intake and glycemic response. Two short-term randomized repeated-measures studies measured the effects of acute sodium intake on FI, water intake (WI), subjective appetite (SA), thirst, and blood glucose (BG) in young men. Sodium additions were 740 and 1480 mg to a solid food (beans) in Experiment 1; and 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg to a beverage (tomato juice) in Experiment 2. FI and WI were measured at ad libitum pizza meals 120 and 30 min later, respectively. SA, thirst and BG were measured at intervals before and after pizza. Compared with controls, treatments with added-sodium had no effect on dependent measures. In conclusion, acute intake of sodium in a solid or liquid matrix does not increase subjective ratings of appetite or thirst, ad libitum food or water intakes, or blood glucose in healthy young adults.

High dietary sodium intake is hypothesized to increase food intake (FI), fluid intake and glycemic response. Two short-term randomized repeated-measures studies measured the effects of acute sodium intake on FI, water intake (WI), subjective appetite (SA), thirst, and blood glucose (BG) in young men. Sodium additions were 740 and 1480 mg to a solid food (beans) in Experiment 1; and 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg to a beverage (tomato juice) in Experiment 2. FI and WI were measured at ad libitum pizza meals 120 and 30 min later, respectively. SA, thirst and BG were measured at intervals before and after pizza. Compared with controls, treatments with added-sodium had no effect on dependent measures. In conclusion, acute intake of sodium in a solid or liquid matrix does not increase subjective ratings of appetite or thirst, ad libitum food or water intakes, or blood glucose in healthy young adults.