No description available.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1978.

published_or_final_version / Industrial Engineering / Master / Master of Science in Engineering

ABSTRACT South Africa, like numerous other developing countries throughout the world, faces increasing demands for public services in urban areas (Rondinelli and Kasarda, 1993). South Africa’s access to basic services such as water has clearly become part of social security/ citizenship. The research report investigates and elucidates the role of privatisation in the basic service delivery context. It argues that the GEAR policy framework blocks the resources required to achieve social citizenship (Cock 2000). This gave rise to community struggles concerning prepaid water meters in Phiri, Soweto. These struggles are examined and competing discourses surrounding public versus private sector participation in basic service (water) provision are also explored. The argument in this research report is two-fold. First, it establishes a view of water as an economic good, with the democratic government reducing the municipal problems of delivery to economic markets or private corporations. Second, it examines the perspective that water is a human right issue contained in the Bill of Rights. These two counter-arguments perpetuate struggles in relation to access, affordability and supply of water. The research seeks to examine these opposing arguments and further explores the impacts these struggles have on future delivery and access of such ‘life need’ as water. This exposure is done through the collection of Secondary data and empirical evidence obtained using various qualitative data gathering techniques. Although the advantages of prepaid water meters are recognised, the dominant argument in this report is in line with Dependency Theory. This maintains that the socio-economic inequalities as well as the socio-environmental injustices widespread in the policies of privatisation exclude various sectors of the population from full access to essential necessities such as water. These injustices are rooted in the fact that water is treated as a commodity to be sold and not as a basic human right (Maema 2003). To deny water to people reduces their citizenship and therefore the achievement of full citizens’ rights for the community of Phiri has become one of the crucial barometers for the realisation of the depth and sustainability of South Africa’s democracy (Khunou 2000). The research findings obtained suggest that the government does realise its responsibility to provide basic water services. Nevertheless, it delegates this responsibility to private institutions; hence making it an individual responsibility to gain access to water at a cost. This form of attempt in South Africa gives a clear reflection of Adam Smith’s “commercial society” which is viii encompassed and endorsed by privatisation and the capitalist endeavours. However, this is in contrast with the principles enshrined in the constitution of the Republic of South Africa, which mandate the government to ensure the progressive realisation and maintenance of access to available basic services. The research report, however, suggests that some educational programmes need to be developed and promoted to inform and equip the public on how best to preserve water. This endeavour is gradually envisaged under the auspices of emerging corporatised utilities.

No description available.

Although a wide range of flow measurement devices and methods already exist for the measurement of irrigation water, water users and water management officials still claim there is a need for more appropriate devices that are non-intrusive, reliable, easy to install and maintain, and cost effective. Meters that are typically used for irrigation water measurement were tested in a laboratory as an initial part of the research and measurement errors larger than ±10 % of the actual discharge was recorded. This study was aimed at evaluating an experimental measuring method that may meet the requirements of the users. The experimental method is based on the unique relationship between the differential pressure and the discharge of a specific pump. By determining this relationship for a specific pump over a range of operating conditions (but for specific installation conditions), a curve similar to the pump curve as developed by the pump manufacturer can be established. If this relationship is inversed (into a discharge-differential pressure relationship), it can be used to calculate the discharge of the pump by measuring the differential pressure. The volume of water discharged by the pump over a period of time can then be determined by integrating the calculated discharge over time. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the validity of the proposed measuring method. The tests entailed the development of the discharge-differential pressure relationship for the specific pump being used, by simultaneously measuring the system discharge, and pressure at both the suction and delivery sides of the pump. Once the relationship had been developed, a set of independent tests was conducted and the pressure measurements used to calculate the discharge through the system. The calculated discharge values were then compared with the measured values. The experimental measuring method was also evaluated in the field through empirical testing of its application in the field. The necessary equipment was installed and calibrated at an irrigation system pump station at the Orange-Riet Water User Association, and data collected over a two week period. The laboratory evaluation of the proposed measurement method produced favourable results, with the analyses showing that discharge can be "measured" with this method at errors smaller than ± 5.4 % of the reference reading within a specified range of flow rates, which is better than the errors produced by the conventional meters evaluated during the initial part of the research. The field tests showed that the method can be applied successfully to monitor pump abstractions. The method's results were compared to two reference measurements and it was found that the volume of water abstracted according to the experimental method was within ± 2.6 % of the reference measurements. The field work also showed that from a practical application point of view, the method has definite advantages over the conventional meters, although it is not less expensive than other measuring devices. The advantages include easier installation, high turn-down ratios, low maintenance requirements, no additional head loss, and suitable for telemetric data collection. Further work that is required include investigations on the use of a differential pressure transducer (rather than two separate suction and delivery side transducers), since this may reduce costs and the number of recorded data points, as well as evaluations of the validity of the discharge - differential pressure relationship over a long period of time, since it may change due to wear on the pump or motor. / Dissertation (M Eng (Agricultural Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

The city of Cape Town suffered a severe water crisis in 2018. At the peak of the drought in South Africa’s Western Cape, a randomised control trial at 105 schools investigated the impact of two behavioural interventions to encourage responsible water usage: detailed water usage data feedback from smart meters, and an interschool competition. Interventions reduced water usage in these schools by 15 to 26%. The information feedback was found to be more effective in reducing night time water use, indicating better water usage by the staff, while the competition was found to be more effective during the day time, indicating better water usage by the pupils. The contrast highlights the way feedback was understood differently by the two groups, with different effects on their assumption of responsibility. This example from Cape Town demonstrates the effectiveness of combining smart technologies with nudges. It provides a model of water conservation interventions for sustainable cities.

<p>This thesis examined a pre-paid water metering pilot project which was implemented in Klipheuwel , Cape Town, South Africa in 2001. It was anticipated that the implementation of pre-paid water meters would help improve the management of water service delivery in the Cape Metropolitan Area. However, just four years after its implementation the project has collapsed.</p>

All residential water meters have published flow rates for which they will operate as designed. These specifications include a maximum operating flow rate, which is recommended not to exceed. However, there are situations which may cause a meter to flow above the maximum flow rate. This thesis explores what effect these surge flows have on residential water meters. Twenty-one 5/8”x3/4” meters were tested in this study: three oscillating pistons, six nutating disks, nine ultrasonic, and three electromagnetic. Testing was done at the Utah Water Research Laboratory using a gravimetric test bench specifically designed for residential water meter testing. The results of this study showed that the ultrasonic meters decreased significantly in accuracy for tests above 35 gallons per minute. The nutating disk and oscillating piston meters were found to be accurate through nearly all surge flow rates tested. The electromagnetic meters were found to be accurate up to 55gallons per minute. Accuracy tests that were performed after surge flows showed that some nutating disk and oscillating piston meters decreased in accuracy at flow rates below two gallons per minute. The electronic meters had similar accuracy before and after surge flows.

<p>This thesis examined a pre-paid water metering pilot project which was implemented in Klipheuwel , Cape Town, South Africa in 2001. It was anticipated that the implementation of pre-paid water meters would help improve the management of water service delivery in the Cape Metropolitan Area. However, just four years after its implementation the project has collapsed.</p>