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Water resources management and sustainable development: a case study of the three Gorges Dam project at YangtzeRiver羅秀華, Law, Sau-wah, Kitty. January 2003 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / China Area Studies / Master / Master of Arts
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THE QUANTITATIVE FEATURES OF CHINA'S WATER RESOURCES: AN OVERVIEWChangming, Liu 02 1900 (has links)
China has a long history of hydrological development. According to
Chinese legends, famous projects of flood water diversion were developed by
the Great Yu as early as the year two thousand B.C. The earliest hydrological
record appeared in 256 B.C., when Mr. Lipin and his son constructed
the Dujiangyan irrigation system in the upper reach of the Mingjiang River
in Sichuan Province. At Baopingkao, the water intake point of the
Dujiangyan irrigation system, a water staff gage was carved on a stone for
the measurement of water levels. Although hydrological studies in China
started early, hydrology and water resources as modern sciences have been
developed only in the last several decades, particularly rapidly in the last
30 years. For instance, the number of hydrological stations has increased
45 times, from about 350 to more than 16,000. Of these, about 3300 stations
also take flow velocity measurements. The average density of the hydrological
stations is about one per 530 km2 and that of discharge measurement
stations about one in 3,000 km2. These stations are highly concentrated in
eastern China. The longest records of precipitation are maintained in the
large cities in eastern China, including Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjing.
Beijing has 140 years of precipitation records. The Hankao hydrological
station on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River has the longest discharge record
spanning 117 years (1865- 1982).
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The water delivery cycling wayFeng, Huan, 冯欢 January 2013 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture
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A policy review of cross boundary water resources management between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta鍾婉婷, Chung, Yuen-ting, Vanessa. January 2003 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / China Area Studies / Master / Master of Arts
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Dynamic Management of a Surface and Groundwater System on Both Sides of the Lower Yellow RiverLingen, Carl, Buras, Nathan January 1987 (has links)
This paper analyzes the management problem of the conjunctive use of
surface and ground water in an irrigation system on both sides of the Lower
Yellow River. For this purpose, a stochastic dynamic programming model is
developed. In the model, the statistical characteristics of seasonal rainfall
within 2 years are considered; groundwater level control is also emphasized in
order to prevent soil salinity and waterlogging. Through computer calculations,
optimal operation policies are obtained for efficient conjunctive use
of surface and groundwater. These policies take into account the interactions
between pumping groundwater by farmers, canal diversions by irrigation system
managers, and the physical response of the stream- aquifer system, and minimize
the total operation costs.
In this paper, we take an irrigation district, the People's Victory Canal
System, as an example to illustrate the development and solution of the model.
At the same time, the effects of system parameters, including surface irrigation
efficiency and rainfall recharge coefficient, on the optimal policies or
total operation costs, are discussed. The analytical results in this example
indicate that the variation in optimal operation costs caused by the proportion
of rainfall infiltrated is small, but the effect of surface irrigation
efficiency on the costs is significant. Hence, the surface irrigation efficiency
must be increased as much as possible. Then, efficient conjunctive use
of surface and groundwater can be attained with the optimal policies.
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Quantifying the dynamics of water bodies, wetlands and biomass in the Poyang Lake Region: a multi-polarization SAR remote sensing approach. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collectionJanuary 2008 (has links)
Field measurements were combined with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to evaluate the use of C-band multi-polarized radar remote sensing for estimating plant parameters (plant height, fresh biomass, dry biomass and vegetation water content) of wetland vegetation, and mapping the dynamics of water bodies, wetlands (natural wetlands and rice paddies) and flooding extents in the Poyang Lake region. The capacity of L-band SAR in land cover mapping was also investigated by integrating with optical imagery. / Hydrological patterns in Poyang Lake are the dominant factor controlling the spatial and temporal variations of wetland species in Poyang Lake. Water levels in this region are primarily governed by five rivers (Ganjiang river, Xiushui river, Raohe river, Fuhe river, and Xinjiang river). Its northern region is also influenced by the backflow from Yangtze River. The above-ground total biomass increased steadily from March following the hydrological cycle. Wetland species colonizing at different altitudes were gradually flooded from late spring to summer. Carex spp. died during flooding periods and started another growth cycle in autumn after flooding receded. Canopy volume dominates the radar backscattering mechanism in Carex spp. wetlands during their growth period, but the temporal variation of radar backscatter from these wetlands is mainly influenced by flooding. Tall wetland species (Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites communis Trin., and others) still emerged above water surfaces during flooding peaks and started to senesce in autumn. Surface backscattering mechanism is dominant during the early growing stage and the senescent period of tall vegetation. Plant canopy variation controlled the temporal dynamics of radar backscatters from Phragmites communis Min. Radar backscattering mechanisms from Miscanthus sacchariflorus wetlands were more complicated during the flooding periods. The variations of ground water depth and plant structure of Miscanthus sacchariflorus during its growth period result in over 10 dB spatial and temporal variation in ASAR backscatter in HH- and HV-polarization. / Temporal profiles of C-band multi-polarized backscatter coefficients for individual land cover types over the period of December 2004 to November 2005 were studied and described in the context of the ecology and seasonal dynamics of biophysical parameters of individual land cover types. A knowledge-based hierarchical land cover mapping method was developed to quantify the dynamics of paddy rice, natural wetlands and floods using the time series of HH- and HV-backscatters. The specific phenological and ecological characteristics of wetlands including paddy rice are the most important data in mapping their spatial and temporal patterns. The classification accuracy is over 90% for water bodies, rice paddies and Carex spp. wetlands, but it is not high for tall wetlands (68%). A decision tree approach was adopted to evaluate the capacity of L-band SAR in land cover mapping by combining with optical imagery. Classification errors were mainly induced by the mixed spectrum between and covers, and lack of independent training data and validation data also caused uncertainty in the results. / The relationship of canopy height with ASAR backscattering coefficient is the most significant among the influencing factors (plant height, fresh biomass, dry biomass, vegetation water content) on radar backscattering mechanism (R2=0.9 for HH-polarization and R2=0.59 for HV-polarization) from Phragmites cummunis Trin. HH- and HV-backscatters are more sensitive to the variation of dry biomass (R2=0.76 for HH and R2=0.56 for HV) than to that of fresh biomass (R 2=0.07 for HV and R2=0.42 for HH). Plant water content plays a negative role and attenuates the backscattering signals in both polarizations. For Phragmites communis Trin. with tall stalks (over 2m) and long, blade-like leaves, HH-polarization is more sensitive to vegetation parameters than HV-polarization for C-band SAR signals. Similar to Phragmites communis Trin., ASAR backscattering coefficient in both polarizations is more sensitive to plant height and dry biomass of non-flooded Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and their regression coefficients (R2) are over 0.5 for HH-polarization and over 0.4 for HV-polarization. Plant water content has no evident effect on the variation of ASAR backscatter. HV-polarization is more sensitive to the variation of above-water canopy parameters than HH-polarization for flooded Miscanthus saccharifiorus. HH- and HV-polarized radar backscatters from Carex spp. wetlands increased significantly with the variation of plant height, fresh biomass and dry biomass, but they reach saturated when vegetation grows up to 30cm. Compared with those tall grass with stalks and long blade-like leaves, the correlation of fresh biomass with HV-polarization is more pronounced (R 2=0.78) than that with HH-polarization (R2=0.41) for Carex spp. Vegetation structure play a more important role in radar backscattering mechanism than plant water content for these three wetland species. / Sang, Huiyong. / "April 2008." / Adviser: Hui Lin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1443. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-159). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.
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Statistical modeling of daily urban water consumption in Hong Kong: trend, patterns, and forecast. / 香港城市日用水量的統計模型: 趨勢、模式及預測 / Xianggang cheng shi ri yong shui liang de tong ji mo xing: qu shi, mo shi ji yu ceJanuary 2010 (has links)
Wong, Jefferson See. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-151). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.i / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Study Area --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Geographical setting --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Climate --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Water demand and supply in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the Study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Outline of Thesis --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Concept of Urban Water Consumption / Water Use --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Urban Water Consumption Patterns --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Factors Influencing Urban Water Consumption --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Model Formulation of Urban Water Consumption --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- Methods of Forecasting Urban Water Consumption --- p.37 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- DATA AND METHODOLOGY --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Water Consumption and Climatic Data --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Modeling Framework and Procedure --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Base Water Use --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Long-term trend --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5 --- Seasonal Water Use --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Seasonal cycle --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Climatic effect --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6 --- Calendrical Water Use --- p.61 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Day-of-the-week effect --- p.62 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Holiday effect --- p.63 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Persistence component --- p.64 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.65 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Model Fitting and Parameterization --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- Long-term Trend in Base Water Use --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4 --- Seasonal Water Use --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Seasonal cycle --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Climatic effect --- p.81 / Chapter 4.5 --- Calendrical Water Use --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Day-of-the-week effect --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Holiday effect --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Persistence component --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6 --- Evaluation of Model Performance --- p.112 / Chapter 4.7 --- Relative Contribution of Various Components of Water Consumption --- p.128 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- CONCLUSION --- p.136 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2 --- Summary of Findings --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.141 / Chapter 5.4 --- Recommendations for Future Studies --- p.142 / REFERENCE LIST --- p.143
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