Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-06T18:49:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Edneida Rabelo Cavalcanti ATUALIZADA.pdf: 7372059 bytes, checksum: 26125979e4f4747d37b325b7136a017e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T18:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Edneida Rabelo Cavalcanti ATUALIZADA.pdf: 7372059 bytes, checksum: 26125979e4f4747d37b325b7136a017e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / A vulnerabilidade das comunidades rurais à variabilidade climática no semiárido brasileiro é ainda uma realidade, devido à falta de equidade na distribuição de recursos e de acesso aos mesmos, às limitações no controle que indivíduos conseguem fazer sobre escolhas e oportunidades e a permanência, ainda que com novas roupagens, de padrões históricos de marginalização e dominação social. A questão do acesso à água enquanto direito humano, mas também enquanto elemento natural e enquanto recurso ao desenvolvimento é tema estratégico na reinterpretação de problemas antigos, como a seca. A novidade é o olhar a partir de novos paradigmas, como o da convivência com o semiárido, e novas abordagens científicas, como o dos sistemas socioecológicos complexos, da vulnerabilidade social, ciclos adaptativos e governança, e do aprendizado social. O objeto de estudo do trabalho é o das condições de vulnerabilidade, hídrica e social no semiárido, o reconhecimento da oferta hídrica local e as ações de adaptação e governança adaptativa envolvendo as comunidades rurais, a partir do recorte da subbacia do riacho Muquém-Passagem no alto curso do rio Capibaribe/PE. A pesquisa foi predominantemente de caráter qualitativo, baseada na aplicação de entrevistas aos membros das comunidades presentes na sub-bacia, mas também junto a gestores nas esferas municipal e estadual, assim como técnicos de instituições públicas e de organizações da sociedade civil, realizadas entre 2012 e 2015, período de seca na região, cujos impactos nos sistemas humanos foram amenizados por políticas sociais implementadas nas últimas décadas, mas que não impedem que haja vulnerabilidade das comunidades diante da questão hídrica, e consequências negativas nas atividades produtivas. Os resultados apontam a dinâmica no uso das diversas fontes hídricas ao longo do tempo, a descontinuidade das ações governamentais no tocante ao abastecimento de água das comunidades rurais, a fragilidade dos processos de gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos tanto no que diz respeito ás demais políticas, como na escala de atuação das mesmas, como na conjugação das diversas racionalidades existentes em relação à água e seus usos. Fica ainda evidenciado nos estudos realizados que a sustentabilidade hídrica da população difusa no semiárido está diretamente relacionada ao uso sinérgico das diferentes fontes de água e ao aprendizado social para participação ativa na governança adaptativa local dos recursos hídricos. / La vulnerabilidad de las comunidades rurales a la variabilidad climática en el semiárido brasileño es hasta ahora una realidad. Esto se debe a la falta de equidad en la distribución de recursos y de acceso a los mismos, a las limitaciones en el control que individuos consiguen hacer sobre las opciones, oportunidades, la permanencia de padrones históricos de marginalización y dominación social. Influye además, la cuestión del acceso al agua como derecho humano, también como elemento natural y como recurso de desenvolvimiento. Es tema estratégico en la reinterpretación de problemas antiguos como la sequía. La novedad estaría dada a través de poder observar, a partir de nuevos paradigmas, la convivencia con el semiárido y los nuevos abordajes científicos. También, los sistemas socioecológicos complejos de la vulnerabilidad social, ciclos de adaptación, de gobierno y del aprendizaje social. El objeto de estudio del trabajo se basa en las condiciones de vulnerabilidad hídrica y social en el semiárido, el reconocimiento de la oferta hídrica local, las acciones de adaptación y de gobierno que envuelven a las comunidades rurales a partir del recorte del conjunto de vertientes del arroyo Muquém- Passagem en el alto curso del río Capibaribe/PE. La investigación fue predominantemente de carácter cualitativo, teniendo en cuenta, la aplicación de entrevistas a los miembros de las comunidades presentes en el lugar. También junto a los gestores en las esferas municipal, estatal, de técnicos de instituciones públicas y de organizaciones de la sociedad civil realizadas entre 2012 y 2015, período de sequía en la región. Los impactos en los sistemas humanos fueron atenuados por políticas sociales implementadas en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, no impidieron la existencia de vulnerabilidad en las comunidades en presencia de la situación hídrica y las consecuencias negativas en las actividades productivas. Los resultados apuntan a la dinámica en el uso de las diversas fuentes de agua a lo largo del tiempo, la discontinuidad de las acciones de gobierno sobre el abastecimiento de agua en las comunidades rurales, la fragilidad en los procesos de gestión en relación a los recursos hídricos como así también, las demás políticas de acuerdo a la escala de actuación de las mismas. Siendo así, muy importante la conjunción de las diversas perspectivas existentes en relación al agua y sus usos. Queda así evidenciado en los estudios realizados, que la sustentabilidad hídrica de la población difusa en el semiárido, está directamente relacionada con el uso sinérgico de las diferentes fuentes de agua y el aprendizaje social para una participación activa en el manejo local de los recursos hídricos.

Inequalities among different power groups are getting obvious in Kiru Valley, Tanzania mainly due to water scarcity. This paper aims to examine, by a case study, the increasing competition over irrigation water among Kiru Valley farmers in relation to socio-economic stratification. It is possible to divide the examined parts of Kiru Valley farmers into three dif-ferent power groups corresponding to their access to irrigation water. First, large-scale sugar cane farmers owned by Tanzanians with Indian origin located on strategic positions near the main rivers. Second, upstream small-scale rice cultivators receiving water from the IFAD (International Found for Agricultural Development) irrigation system and, third, downstream small-scale farmers cultivating rice in the Mapea wetland. To achieve the objectives in this study, Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques have been used and especially wealth rank-ings to measure the socio-economic stratification. The wealth rankings demonstrate differences among Kiru Valley farmers. Those farmers connected to the IFAD irrigation system and the large-scale farmers have in higher amount a steady access to irrigation water than farmers cultivating the Mapea wetland. Consequently Mapea farmers are forced to rely on left over water from upstream IFAD farmers and sur-rounding large-scale farmers, leading to unfair distribution patterns and tensions among Kiru Valley farmers.  Finally, it has further been found that access to irrigation water is reflected in household economy. Mapea farmers have less capital goods and households properties com-pared to both IFAD-irrigators and large-scale farmers.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / In this thesis, I explore the allocation and use of water for productive and domestic purposes in the village of Siyandhani in the Klein Letaba sub-area, and how the allocation and use is being affected by new water resource management and water services provision legislation and policies in the context of water reform. This problem is worth studying because access to water for domestic and productive purposes is a critical dimension of poverty alleviation.The study focuses in particular on the extent to which policy objectives of greater equity in resource allocation and poverty alleviation are being achieved at local level with the following specific objectives: to establish water resources availability in Letaba/Shingwedzi sub-region, specifically surface and groundwater and examine water uses by different sectors (e.g. agriculture, industry, domestic, forestry etc.,); to explore the dynamics of existing formal and informal institutions for water resources management and water services provision and the relationship between and among them; to investigate the practice of allocation and use of domestic water; to investigate the practice of allocation and use of irrigation water.The study concludes that there is a problem of water scarcity in the study area and that the water scarcity is caused by the growth in the population, specifically in the Giyani area; these problems are exacerbated by financial and institutional obstacles within local institutions of governance. The water scarcity is not, therefore, natural but anthropogenic in nature.The water scarcity is not felt by all sectors, however: some farmers have access to water for irrigation, while many others face great challenges in their farming activities.Overall, people in Siyandhani and surrounding villages surrounding villages in the Letaba Catchment do not have access to water because of human action, hence the use of the concept of manufactured scarcity. The lack of access to water, it is argued,leads to the violation of the human right to water. This study concludes that water reform, which is widely seen as a priority for South Africa, has not yet reached the villages of the Klein Letaba.

Thesis (MSc. (Geography and Environmental Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015. / Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment. Growth in population and economic activities have contributed to water scarcity, which is a frequent challenge in rural and township communities in South Africa. This study aimed at investigating onsite greywater reuse as a water conservation method in Lepelle-Nkumpi local municipality, Limpopo province. The study described the socio-economic characteristics, assessed the accessibility and availability of water supply, and ascertained the coping mechanisms for water scarcity as well as the perceptions and reuse of greywater. Four percent respondents each were selected from two settlements, namely, Mashite village and Lebowakgomo township (Zone F). Mashite village had a population size of 5314 people (1231 households) and Lebowakgomo Zone F had 5903 people and (1924 households). A systematic random sampling method was used to select the required households from the two settlements. Both open and close ended questionnaires were used. A Geographical Positioning System was also used to collect the absolute location of available taps in the study area. Data collected were analysed using SPSS version-22 and Arc GIS 10.1. The study found out that the socio-economic characteristics of importance on onsite greywater reuse included highest qualification, household size and employment status, but they varied in these two areas. In Mashite village the majority of the respondents went to secondary school (59%) as compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F where the majority (72%) attained tertiary qualification. Household size mean in Mashite is 6.18 as compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F (2.77). Sixty four percent of respondents in Mashite village were unemployed, whereas in Lebowakgomo 69% were employed. Water usage in the two areas differed; in Mashite village where they use less water (250 to 840 litres) as compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F, where more water is used (5900 to 8001 litres). In Mashite village, 87% of the respondents could not access water due to inaccessibility of taps and unavailability of water as compared to Lebowakgomo zone F (100%). It was also found that the Mashite community sometimes go for a period of two to three months without tap water whereas in Lebowakgomo water was comparatively regular. As a result both communities resorted to rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse. Seventy six percent (76%) of respondents in Mashite village and 30% of the respondents in ii Lebowakgomo Zone F harvested rainwater as a coping mechanism of water scarcity. Perceptions of greywater reuse were higher (76%) in Lebowakgomo Zone F compared to Mashite village (49%). A higher percentage of Mashite village respondents (98%) reuse greywater compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F respondents (59%). Both areas use greywater as water conservation method. These results reinforce the potential of domestic greywater reuse as an alternative for freshwater requirement. Greywater reuse as a water conservation method especially in villages can be used to alleviate the extent of water scarcity. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

No description available.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to describe and prepare the pilot plan for drought and water scarcity for the selected locality, according to the prepared amendment of water law. Recent years have shown that drought will play a significant role in water supply in the future. Therefore, the need for tools to provide procedures and guidelines for individual administrations is more than important. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with issues of drought and water scarcity, climate change and prospects for the future. The next section describes a plan for drought and water scarcity. In the next parts of the diploma thesis, there are procedures that can mitigate or completely avoid the consequences of drought. From this informations, a pilot study of the plan for drought and water scarcity for the town of Počátky is being prepared in the next part.

MRDV / Institute for Rural Development

Increasing demand for water combined with the effects of climate change makes water scarcity a growing concern amplifying vulnerabilities for populations worldwide. One way to cope with the exacerbated vulnerabilities is to migrate. In fact, water scarcity is linked with a rise in internal migration rates in recent decades. However, water scarcity does not by itself lead to migration. Variations in migration as a response to water scarcity can exist, where some people migrate, and others stay. For instance, migration costs are often expensive. Thus, poorer individuals may be trapped in water-scarce areas, unable to migrate. This thesis explores the water-migration nexus in the most water-scarce region in the world, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, by examining what causes migration due to water scarcity. The thesis probes the hypothesis that migration due to water scarcity is more likely to occur in wealthier countries than in poorer countries. Therefore, the upper-middle-income country Iraq is compared to the lower-middle-income country Egypt to examine explanations for the variation in migration due to water scarcity in the MENA region. The two countries experience drastic declines in water availability per capita as a result of population growth, effects of climate change, and dependency on transboundary waters. Despite being similarly affected by water scarcity, variations of migration as a response exist within and between the countries. The findings from the comparative case study confirm the hypothesis to some extent, as water scarcity-induced migration is more prominent in the wealthier country Iraq than in the poorer country Egypt. The findings suggest that economic factors partly can explain the variation of migration (e.g., if moving costs are affordable and if migrating is the least costly option). However, alternative explanations for the difference may exist. For instance, overall migration dynamics within the countries, water governance, perception of welfare in the new location, and reliance on social networks or other coping strategies can amplify or mitigate migration. Most importantly, the thesis concludes that in order to achieve sustainable societies for all, growing attention and urgent action must be taken to improve the situation for rural populations in water-scarce areas to mitigate its adverse impacts on populations' livelihoods. / زيادة الحاجة على المياه بالإضافة الى أثار تغيير المناخ تجعل نقص المياه مصدر قلق متزايد مما يؤدي الى زيادة نقاط الضعف لدى السكان في جميع أنحاء العالم. إحدى طرق التعامل مع نقاط الضعف المتفاقمة هي الهجرة. في الواقع يرتبط نقص المياه بارتفاع معدلات الهجرة الداخلية في العقود الأخيرة. مع ذلك, هناك اختلافات في كيفية استجابة السكان لنقص المياه, حيث يهاجر بعض الناس بسبب نقص المياه, والبعض الآخر محاصر في مناطق نقص المياه. على سبيل المثال, غالبًا ما تكون تكاليف الهجرة باهظة الثمن. وبالتالي, قد يكون الأفراد الأكثر فقراً محاصرين في مناطق شحيحة المياه وغير قادرين على الهجرة. تستكشف هذه الرسالة العلاقة بين الهجرة ونقص المياه في أكثر المناطق تأثراً من نقص المياه في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا. تبحث الأطروحة عن الفرضية القائلة بأن الهجرة بسبب نقص المياه من المرجح أن تحدث في البلدان الأكثر ثراءً من البلدان الأكثر فقراٌ. لذلك, تتم مقارنة الدولة ذات الدخل المتوسط الأعلى وهي العراق مع الدولة ذات الدخل المتوسط الأدنى وهي مصر لفحص تفسيرات الهجرة الداخلية و مشكلة السكان المحاصرين حيث تكون المياه شحيحة. تعاني البلدين من انخفاض حاد في توافر المياه للفرد بسبب النمو السكاني, وآثار تغير المناخ، والاعتماد على المياه العابرة للحدود. يتأثر كلا البلدين بالمثل في نقص المياه, ولكن تختلف أستراتيجية الهجرة بسبب نقص المياه داخل البلدين وفيما بينها. تؤكد نتائج دراسة الحالة المقارنة الفرضية إلى حدٍ ما, حيث أن الهجرة الناجمة عن نقص المياه هي الأكثر بروزًا في البلد الأغنى وهي العراق و البلد الأفقر وهي مصر. تشير النتائج إلى أن العوامل الاقتصادية يمكن أن تفسر جزئيًا تباين الهجرة (على سبيل المثال إذا كانت تكاليف النقل مستطاعة أو إذا كانت الهجرة هو الخيار الأقل تكلفة). ومع ذلك, قد توجد تفسيرات بديلة معقولة للاختلاف. على سبيل المثال, يمكن أن تؤدي ديناميكيات الهجرة الإجمالية داخل البلدين, وإدارة المياه, وتصور الرفاهية في الموقع الجديد, والإعتماد على الشبكات الاجتماعية أو استراتيجيات المواجهة الأخرى إلى تضخيم الهجرة أو تخفيفها. والأهم من ذلك, لخصت الأطروحة إلى أنه من أجل تحقيق مجتمعات مستدامة للجميع, يجب إتخاذ المزيد من الإهتمام و ردة فعل عاجلة على تحسين حالة سكان الريف في المناطق التي تعاني من شح المياه للتخفيف من آثارها السلبية على سبل العيش للسكان

La produzione globale di cibo provoca impatti sia sull’ ambiente che sulla salute umana. Tra le molteplici sfide che la comunità globale deve affrontare, le risorse di acqua dolce della Terra sono state identificate come pericolosamente soggette a una crescente pressione sia in termini quantitativi che qualitativi. Una profonda comprensione del nesso acqua-cibo è pertanto cruciale per lo sviluppo sostenibile. Nella presente tesi è stato applicato il concetto di Water Footprint (WF) calcolata attraverso differenti metodologie – ovvero attraverso approcci di tipo volumetrico e per la quantificazione dei potenziali impatti – al fine di stimare gli impatti sul consumo di acqua conseguenti produzione e consumo di cibo. Per valutare diverse tecniche di produzione, sono state confrontate le prestazioni ambientali di due vigneti coltivati con metodi di agricoltura convenzionale e biologica. Inoltre, sono stati studiati gli impatti sulle risorse idriche in relazione a diversi scenari di consumo alimentare in Italia e Danimarca, per indagare come le scelte alimentari dei consumatori rappresentino una strategia di riduzione degli impatti sull’ acqua. Nel calcolo degli impatti ambientali, i risultati hanno evidenziato il ruolo chiave dell'origine dei prodotti alimentari consumati, insieme alla tipologia dei prodotti e la riduzione di sprechi alimentari. / Global food production has increasingly affected both the environment and human health in substantial and remarkable ways. Among the many concerns global community has to face, Earth’s freshwater resources have been identified as dangerously subject to increasing pressure in the form of consumptive water use and pollution. A deep understanding of the water-food nexus is crucial to support the exploration of more suitable avenues for a sustainable development. In this work, the concept of water footprint (WF) presented by different methodologies – volumetric and impacts oriented approach – has been applied to link impacts on water consumption to the food production and consumption. With regard to the study of the production side, comparison of environmental performances of two vineyard where conventional and organic viticulture were applied, has been performed. Additionally, impacts on water resources related to different Italian and Danish dietary patterns have been investigated to understand the positive impacts that demand-side solutions can have. The studies highlighted that the origin of consumed foodstuffs played a key role in the calculation of local environmental impacts. Finally, the analysis showed that consumer’s choices could tackle environmental impact on water use by changing their consumption patterns, selecting less water-demanding products and reducing food waste.

The study investigates the contribution of WDM towards mitigating scarcity of potable water in cities with particular reference to Bulawayo.WDM origins and its successes are traced. The study classifies scarcity representations into four categories and reveals that the scarcity in Bulawayo satisfies all the four representations hence calls it total scarcity. The research employed document study, questionnaires, interviews and a focus group to collect data. Document study revealed that water restrictions successfully mitigate the scarcity in Bulawayo. Field work partially confirmed the usefulness of WDM in the life of the city and revealed the need to synchronize the conceptualizations of WDM among different stakeholders in order for the paradigm to do even more in terms of mitigating scarcity. The results were interpreted in terms of TPB. The key recommendation of the study is that the city invests in water use behaviour change in order to realise huge water savings. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)