This thesis examines the ontogeny of plasma sodium regulation (an indicator of osmoregulatory ability), current or rheotactic response (an indicator of emigration timing) and salinity preference in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The purpose of the study was to determine if there are inherited differences in the development of these traits between coastal and interior British Columbia populations of coho. An interior (Cold water River) and a coastal (Rosewall Creek-Big Qualicum River) population were monitored for the above traits throughout the year. Both wild and laboratory groups were included in the study. The laboratory raised populations were divided into two incubation treatment groups: one incubated under a coastal temperature regime, and the other incubated under an interior temperature regime. There were no differences in the development of sodium regulatory ability between wild populations when the data were sorted by coho weight. Coastal coho, however, physiologically smolted after one year in the natal streams, while interior coho smolted after at least two years of freshwater growth. No obvious differences were noted between wild resident populations in the timing of downstream movement or the shift in salinity preference from hypotonic to isotonic and hypertonic salinities. Both of these behavioural responses typically occurred in the spring (April-May) of each year. Fyke net catches, however, sugqested that, in addition to the spring emigrations observed in both populations, a portion of the interior population migrated in the fall (November). No differences in the development of sodium regulatory ability were observed either within or between laboratory raised populations. Ion regulatory ability increased to a plateau in the fall and winter following emergence, and increased to smolting levels during the following spring (April-May). There were differences between coastal and interior populations in the pattern of development of both nocturnal current responses and the preference for isotonic or hypertonic salinities. Interior laboratory raised coho developed negative nocturnal rheotaxis and a preference for isotonic salinities about three months earlier (November) than laboratory raised coastal coho (late February-March). Within populations, no differences were observed in the ontogeny of these traits in the groups reared under different temperature regimes. Because these interpopulation ontogenetic behavioural differences persisted in fish reared under identical laboratory conditions, they probably have some genetic basis. Such an innate component in behaviour implies an adaptive role and in juvenile coho these behavioural traits may allow populations to use a variety of habitats at different distances from the sea, even though a major physiological schedule (in this case the development of ion regulatory capabilities) appears to be fixed within the species. Perhaps variations in migratory timing and salinity preference in juvenile coho evolved to assure survival in a relatively unstable and often severe environment by optimizing habitat use within the constraints of an overriding physiological schedule. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine the: 1) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward hydration and fluid replacement among collegiate football players at an NCAA Division I University, overall , and the relationship, if any, by position on the team, number of seasons played, and previous nutrition education; 2) relationship between the athletes’ hydration knowledge, attitudes and behaviors; 3) current sources of nutrition information likely to be used by the football players; and 4) players’ perception of the adequacy of, and barriers to, their fluid intake before, during, and after exercise. The players’ mean Hydration Knowledge Score was 14.2 ± 1.4 out of 17 (83.5%). Common misconceptions included: 60% thought water, rather than sports drinks, should be consumed when exercising for more than one hour; 54% did not believe sports drinks are better at restoring muscle glycogen than water; 47% believed salt tablets kept players from getting dehydrated; and 42% indicated thirst is the best indicator of dehydration. No differences were detected by number of seasons, position or previous nutrition education. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1942. / Lithoprinted. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This PhD dissertation aimed to review the concept of the nursing outcome Fluid Balance from the Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC) in postoperative patients who underwent cardiac surgery, and develop operational definitions. For so, a concept analysis was carried out according to the Walker and Avant Model (2005), using the integrative review for searching. It was developed from October to December/2010, based on the leading questions: Which indicators allow the body fluid volume assessment on the postoperative period of cardiac surgery? How these indicators are defined and how could they be evaluated? Which features or values are indicative of normal and altered body fluid volume on the postoperative period of cardiac surgery? Water electrolyte balance, thoracic surgery, and postoperative period were used as searching descriptors. The sample consisted of articles which answered at least one of the searching question(s); with full text available through Portal da CAPES, the University of Iowa electronic system, or the interlibrary loan service; in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Editorials, letters to the editor, qualitative studies, case report studies, proceedings, duplicate articles, and animal research were excluded. The identified works were submitted to a four step evaluation, which resulted on the selection of 48 articles (CINAHL: 12; PubMed: 12; Scopus: 21; Lilacs: 3). Predominated the narrative reviews, cohort, and descriptive studies (level of evidence IV and VI). From the analysis, 14 indicators were identified, plus the 23 present on the Fluid Balance NOC outcome. The integrative review had a limited contribution for the operational definitions construction, mainly due to the nature of the concept of interest. The concept analysis highlighted the attributes: solvent and/or solute movement (active or passive) through semi-permeable membranes and between physiological compartments; effective regulation by homeostatic mechanisms (gradient between hydrostatic and coloidosmotic pressure, electroneutrality, and neurohormonal mechanisms); and maintenance of compartments concentration and volume. The case model represented a healthy individual, with hormonal and fluid compartments control functions preserved, whereas the contrary cases opposed the attributes partially. The borderline cases consisted of morbid situations in which alterations occurred in at most two attributes. The antecedents of fluid balance corresponded to organic, behavioral, and/or environmental conditions that opposed to those listed for the unbalance, or even their absence. The consequences of unbalance encompassed the estates of fluid deficit or excess, as well as the related concepts of hydration, electrolyte balance (sodium) and systemic (volemia) and local (tissue) perfusion. The consequence of balance consisted of the fluid homeostasis or the absence of consequences of unbalance while the empirical referents corresponded to the indicators. The concept analysis allowed its scope delimitation and identify which parameters assure its presence or even its alteration (unbalance). It encompasses the electrolyte balance, perfusion, and hydration phenomena and is beyond the simple measurement and control of fluid intake and output. As initial validity phase of the nursing outcome, it requires the development of experts and clinical research. / Esta tese teve o objetivo de revisar o conceito do resultado de enfermagem EquilÃbrio HÃdrico da Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) em pacientes no pÃs-operatÃrio de cirurgia cardÃaca e desenvolver definiÃÃes operacionais. Para isso, realizou-se anÃlise do conceito, segundo o modelo de Walker e Avant (2005), utilizando a revisÃo integrativa para busca. A mesma foi empreendida de outubro a dezembro/2010, com base nas questÃes norteadoras: que indicadores permitem a avaliaÃÃo do volume de lÃquidos corporais no perÃodo pÃs-operatÃrio de cirurgia cardÃaca? Como esses indicadores sÃo definidos e como podem ser avaliados? Quais as caracterÃsticas ou valores indicativos de normalidade e de alteraÃÃo no volume de lÃquidos corporais, no perÃodo pÃs-operatÃrio de cirurgia cardÃaca? Para busca, utilizaram-se os descritores equilÃbrio hidroeletrolÃtico, cirurgia torÃcica e perÃodo pÃs-operatÃrio. A amostra foi composta por artigos que contemplassem pelo menos uma das questÃes norteadoras; com resumo disponÃvel; texto completo acessÃvel pelo Portal da CAPES, pelo sistema eletrÃnico da University of Iowa ou pelo sistema de comutaÃÃo; em portuguÃs, inglÃs ou espanhol. Foram excluÃdos os editoriais, cartas ao editor, estudos reflexivos, relatos de experiÃncia, anais de eventos, produÃÃes duplicadas e pesquisas com animais. ApÃs o levantamento, as produÃÃes foram submetidas a quatro etapas de avaliaÃÃo, que resultaram na seleÃÃo de 48 artigos (CINAHL: 12; PubMed: 12; Scopus: 21; Lilacs: 3). Destacaram-se os estudos de revisÃo narrativa, coorte e descritivos (nÃvel de evidÃncia IV e VI). A partir da anÃlise, identificaram-se quatorze indicadores, alÃm dos vinte e trÃs presentes no resultado EquilÃbrio HÃdrico da NOC. A revisÃo integrativa teve contribuiÃÃo limitada para a construÃÃo das definiÃÃes operacionais, sobretudo devido à natureza do conceito de interesse. A anÃlise do conceito evidenciou os atributos: movimento de solvente e/ou soluto (ativo ou passivo) atravÃs de membranas semi-permeÃveis e entre compartimentos fisiolÃgicos; regulaÃÃo efetiva por mecanismos homeostÃticos (gradiente entre a pressÃo hidrostÃtica e coloidosmÃtica, eletroneutralidade e mecanismos neuro-hormonais); e manutenÃÃo da concentraÃÃo e do volume dos compartimentos. O caso modelo refletiu indivÃduo saudÃvel, com funÃÃes hormonais e de controle dos compartimentos hÃdricos preservadas, enquanto os casos contrÃrios se opuseram aos atributos apenas em parte. Os casos limÃtrofes compreenderam as situaÃÃes mÃrbidas, nas quais ocorrem alteraÃÃo de, no mÃximo, dois atributos. Os antecedentes do EquilÃbrio HÃdrico corresponderam Ãs condiÃÃes orgÃnicas, comportamentais e/ou ambientais que se opunham Ãquelas listadas para o desequilÃbrio, ou mesmo sua ausÃncia. Os consequentes do desequilÃbrio abrangeram os estados de dÃficit e excesso de lÃquidos, bem como os conceitos relacionados de hidrataÃÃo, equilÃbrio eletrolÃtico (sÃdio) e perfusÃo, tanto sistÃmica (volemia) quando localizada (tecidual). Jà o consequente do equilÃbrio consistiu na homeostase hÃdrica ou na ausÃncia dos consequentes de desequilÃbrio, enquanto os referentes empÃricos corresponderam aos indicadores. A anÃlise do conceito permitiu delimitar seu escopo e identificar quais parÃmetros asseguram sua presenÃa ou mesmo sua alteraÃÃo (desequilÃbrio). O mesmo engloba os fenÃmenos de equilÃbrio eletrolÃtico, perfusÃo e hidrataÃÃo e està alÃm da simples mensuraÃÃo e controle das perdas e ganhos de lÃquidos. Como fase inicial da validaÃÃo do resultado de enfermagem, requer o desenvolvimento de pesquisa com experts e clÃnica.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-94).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

This study was designed to determine the impact of glycerol hyperhydration, compared with a placebo hyperhydration, on the run performance during an Olympic distance triathlon. Ten competitive triathletes (mean peak oxygen consumption, VO2 peak = 65.5 ± 5.5 ml.kg.-1min-1) undertook two simulated Olympic Distance Triathlons in 31° C and 61% relative humidity. The trials were split into two work phases: a fixed workload phase comprising a 18-20 min swim and a 60 min cycle and, a self regulated time trial run over 10 kilometres conducted on a treadmill. One hundred and fifty min prior each trial, either a glycerol solution (1 g.kg.-1 body mass (BM) in a 4% carbohydrate – electrolyte drink) or a placebo of equal volume of the 4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution was ingested over one hour. The total fluid intake in each trial was 23 ml.kg.-1 BM. A randomised, double blind, cross over design was used. Due to either 1) the arduous nature of the trials 2) the side effects associated with the ingestion of glycerol 3) or the combination of the two aforementioned reasons, only five of the 10 subjects completed the final 10 km self regulated time trial for both treatments. Only the data obtained from these five subjects were reported in this study. Glycerol ingestion expanded body water over the placebo by 154 ml (26%). At 60 and 90 min after the start of drinking, urine output was significantly higher with glycerol than placebo treatment (216.4, 366.4 ml vs 81.0, 242.0 ml, respectively) but significantly higher at 120 min in the placebo (421.6 ml vs 131.2 ml). There were no significant differences in heart rate and rectal temperature during the swim and cycle phases. However, there were significant increases in heart rate (at 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 min) and rectal temperature (at 5, 20 and 30 min) during the 10 km run in the glycerol trial. The mean 10 km run time for the placebo trial was 40 min 21 sec (± 2.9 min) while the glycerol trial was 39 min 22 sec (± 2.0 min). The mean difference of 2.1% in finishing time between trials was not significant. Three of the five subjects in the glycerol trial improved their 10 km time by 7.0, 2.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The finishing time for one subject did not change for both trials while another subject had deteriorated by 2.3% in the glycerol trial. In the glycerol treatment, five subjects complained of bloating and nausea while only one subject complained of feeling unwell in the placebo treatment. Data from this study have shown that glycerol hyperhydration did not significantly improve performance while plasma volume expansion and subsequent lower rectal temperature and lower heart rates were not evident. The exact mechanisms of how glycerol hyperhydration can improve performance warrant further investigation. / Masters in Applied Science

This study was designed to determine the impact of glycerol hyperhydration, compared with a placebo hyperhydration, on the run performance during an Olympic distance triathlon. Ten competitive triathletes (mean peak oxygen consumption, VO2 peak = 65.5 ± 5.5 ml.kg.-1min-1) undertook two simulated Olympic Distance Triathlons in 31° C and 61% relative humidity. The trials were split into two work phases: a fixed workload phase comprising a 18-20 min swim and a 60 min cycle and, a self regulated time trial run over 10 kilometres conducted on a treadmill. One hundred and fifty min prior each trial, either a glycerol solution (1 g.kg.-1 body mass (BM) in a 4% carbohydrate – electrolyte drink) or a placebo of equal volume of the 4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution was ingested over one hour. The total fluid intake in each trial was 23 ml.kg.-1 BM. A randomised, double blind, cross over design was used. Due to either 1) the arduous nature of the trials 2) the side effects associated with the ingestion of glycerol 3) or the combination of the two aforementioned reasons, only five of the 10 subjects completed the final 10 km self regulated time trial for both treatments. Only the data obtained from these five subjects were reported in this study. Glycerol ingestion expanded body water over the placebo by 154 ml (26%). At 60 and 90 min after the start of drinking, urine output was significantly higher with glycerol than placebo treatment (216.4, 366.4 ml vs 81.0, 242.0 ml, respectively) but significantly higher at 120 min in the placebo (421.6 ml vs 131.2 ml). There were no significant differences in heart rate and rectal temperature during the swim and cycle phases. However, there were significant increases in heart rate (at 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 min) and rectal temperature (at 5, 20 and 30 min) during the 10 km run in the glycerol trial. The mean 10 km run time for the placebo trial was 40 min 21 sec (± 2.9 min) while the glycerol trial was 39 min 22 sec (± 2.0 min). The mean difference of 2.1% in finishing time between trials was not significant. Three of the five subjects in the glycerol trial improved their 10 km time by 7.0, 2.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The finishing time for one subject did not change for both trials while another subject had deteriorated by 2.3% in the glycerol trial. In the glycerol treatment, five subjects complained of bloating and nausea while only one subject complained of feeling unwell in the placebo treatment. Data from this study have shown that glycerol hyperhydration did not significantly improve performance while plasma volume expansion and subsequent lower rectal temperature and lower heart rates were not evident. The exact mechanisms of how glycerol hyperhydration can improve performance warrant further investigation. / Masters in Applied Science

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.