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Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of plant health protectants Pageant (pyraclobstrobin + boscalid), Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) and MBI-501 (an anti-transpirant) on drought, heat and cold tolerance. To measure effects on drought tolerance, Pageant, Regalia or MBI-501 were foliar applied to impatiens at four rates (0.0×, 0.5×, 1.0×, and 1.5×) based on the label rates of 0.228 g·L-1 (Pageant), 10 mL·L-1 (Regalia) and 2 mL·L-1 (MBI-501) and to tomato plants at two rates (0.0× and 1.0×) based on the label rates of 0.559 g·L-1 (Pageant), 10 mL·L-1 (Regalia) and 2 mL·L-1 (MBI-501) grown with different target substrate volumetric water contents (TVWC). Pageant applied at the 1.0× rate to well-watered impatiens, had greater shoot dry weight compared to water stressed plants. Regalia application increased root dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of impatiens and tomato plants. However, results tended to be in the higher TVWC (Pageant and Regalia) to moderately stressed conditions (Regalia). To evaluate heat tolerance in Impatiens walleriana ‘Super Elfin XP White’ (impatiens), Pageant (0.228 g·L-1), Regalia (10 m·L-1) or MBI-501 (2 mL·L-1) were applied prior to the heat event. Photosynthetic rate was less with impatiens exposed to the heat event compared to plants not exposed to the heat event. However, there was no indication Pageant, Regalia or MBI-501 improved heat tolerance. To evaluate heat tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum ‘BHN 640’ (tomato) plants, Regalia was foliar applied at the 1.0× rate at 24 h or 1 h before the heat event. There was no indication Regalia improved heat tolerance. Fragaria ×ananassa ‘Camarosa’ (strawberry) plants were evaluated for chilling tolerance following application of Regalia at the 1.0× rate in a growth chamber. Results indicated no increase in chilling tolerance of strawberry plants compared to plants receiving no Regalia or chilling treatments. Citrus unshiu ‘Owari’ (satsuma) leaves were evaluated for freeze tolerance after application of Regalia at 1.0× (10 mL·L-1) rate in a programmable ultra-low freezer. Results indicated no increased freeze tolerance in satsuma leaves compared to leaves from plants receiving no Regalia or freezing treatment.

<p>Irrigation with saline waters is an agricultural practicethat is becoming increasingly common as competition for freshwater increases. In this thesis the mechanisms behind salinityand drought stress has been studied using data from fieldexperiments in combination with a modelling tool, theCoupModel. Measurements from field experiments on salinity,boron toxicity and drought stressed tomatoes grown during twoclimatically different seasons in the Arava desert, Israel,showed a linear relationship between relative growth andevapotranspiration, for all treatments and seasons. Data fromthe spring was used to concurrently simulate growth andtranspiration, hence accounting for feedback mechanisms betweenthe plant and the environment. Salinity stress was modelled asan osmotic effect (reduction of water uptake at high soilsalinities, W approach) or a toxicity effect (direct reductionof photosynthesis with soil salinity, G approach). Goodagreement between simulated growth and transpiration wasachieved with both salinity stress approaches, with twoexceptions. When growth and transpiration were simulated withthe W approach at different salinity levels, transpiration wasunderestimated at high stress. The G approach resulted in anunderestimation of growth at high water stress under moderatesalinity. A direct decrease of photosynthesis leads to adecreasing water-use efficiency with salinity while water-useefficiency remains constant with salinity when the salinitystress is modelled as a reduction in water uptake. Measurementsshowed decreasing water-use efficiency for the salinitygradient, explaining why the W approach was not applicable. Itwas not possible to detect any considerable differences betweenthree different approaches for water uptake tested in thestudy.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Water-use efficiency; osmotic effect; iontoxicity; semi-arid.</p>

Dans le contexte du changement climatique global, il apparaît essentiel de prendre en compte l?adaptabilité des variétés cultivées à la modification de l?environnement. Dans le cas du peuplier, la sélection de ressources génétiques capables de produire du bois à moindre coût en eau devient alors un critère de choix qui peut être apprécié par l?efficience d?utilisation de l?eau (WUE). De façon à évaluer l?intérêt de développer un programme de sélection sur WUE, il convenait de juger si les variations génétiques de WUE observées sur de jeunes boutures, s?exprimaient encore sur des arbres cultivés en peupleraie sur des sols contrastés. Par ailleurs, afin d?initier une étude du déterminisme moléculaire de WUE, nous avons évalué le degré de variation génétique des protéomes foliaires de huit génotypes de peupliers contrastés pour leur WUE et cultivés dans des conditions d?alimentation en eau variées. Nos travaux ont permis de valider l?existence d?importantes variations génétiques de WUE chez des peupliers cultivés en peupleraie. Toutefois, le type de sol modifiait considérablement le classement des génotypes alors que celui établi sur les sols les plus propices à la populiculture était comparable au classement décrit précédemment en serre. Nos expériences ont également validé la possibilité de distinguer des génotypes contrastés pour WUE à partir de leur protéome foliaire. Nous avons montré que le protéome foliaire de huit génotypes différant par leur WUE présentait d?importantes variations génétiques en réponse à la sécheresse et qu?il existait des liens entre abondances de protéines foliaires et variations génétiques de WUE. / In the actual climate change context, the cultivated varieties will have to cope with the expected environmental modifications. In poplar, the breeding of genetic ressources able to grow with lower water costs becomes therefore, an essential criterion that can be evaluated from water-use efficiency (WUE). In order to assess the interest to develop a breeding program based on WUE, it was agreed to judge if the genetic variation of WUE observed on young cuttings, were still expressed on trees cultivated in poplar plantation on contrasted soils. In addition, in order to initiate a study of the molecular determinism of WUE, we evaluated the degree of genetic variation in the leaf proteome of eight poplar genotypes contrasted for their WUE and cultivated under varied water supply. Our work evidenced consistent genetic variations of WUE in poplars cultivated in a commercial plantation. However, the type of cultivated soil modified considerably the genotypic ranking, whereas ranking established on the most favourable soils for poplar growth, remained comparable with the one described previously in greenhouse. Our experiments also validated the possibility of distinguishing genotypes contrasted for WUE from their leaf proteome. We showed that leaf proteome of eight poplar genotypes differing by their WUE displayed consistent genetic variations in their drought response and that there were relationships between leaf protein abundances and genetic variations of WUE.

The thesis summary is included in the 01front.pdf

Water availability is a common concern in semi-arid regions, such as Southern Arizona, USA. Hydroponic greenhouse crop production greatly reduces irrigation water use, but the study of water use by evaporative cooling has been limited.This project investigated water use by two evaporative cooling systems: pad-and-fan and high-pressure-fog with fan ventilation. All studies were performed in a double-layer polyethylene film-covered greenhouse (28 x 9.8 x 6.3 m) with mature tomato plants (2.9 plants m-2). Water use efficiency (WUE, kg yield per m3 water use) was calculated daily according to ventilation rate, as well as for a 6-month croppipng period, which used temperature-controlled pad-and-fan cooling.Pad-and-fan water use was 3.2, 6.4, 8.5, and 10.3 L m-2 d-1 for ventilation rates of 0.016, 0.034, 0.047, 0.061 m3 m-2 s-1, respectively. High-pressure-fog water use with a single central, overhead line was 7.9, 7.4, and 9.3 L m-2 d-1 for ventilation rates of 0.01, 0.016, 0.034 m3 m-2 s-1, respectively. For pad-and-fan ventilation rates less than 0.034 m3 m-2 s-1, total greenhouse WUE (20 - 33 kg m-3) was similar to field drip irrigation. For the temperature-controlled high-pressure-fog system, total greenhouse WUE (14 - 17 kg m-3) was similar to field sprinkler irrigation.For the 6-month crop cycle, combining water use by closed irrigation and pad-and-fan systems produced a total WUE of 15 kg m-3. Pad-and-fan WUE increased during monsoon conditions due to lower water use rates.Evaporative cooling water use and air temperature were well-predicted by the energy balance model. Predictions of air temperature improved when outside climate the measured conditions at one greenhouse location. Wind tunnel and full-scale studies of natural ventilation demonstrated the value of knowing airflow patterns when designing and operating a high-pressure-fog systemIt is possible for greenhouse tomato production to have a higher WUE than field production, if ventilation rates are not excessive, if closed irrigation is used, and if control methodologies are improved. Water use can be minimized by knowing how the evaporative cooling system affects greenhouse climate and plant responses.

Afforestation and reforestation programs utilizing available fields for biofuel production, carbon sequestration, and other uses linked to climate change are looking to tree physiologists to identify species and genotypes best-suited to their purposes. The ideal poplar genotype for use in Canadian programs would be drought-resistant, cold-climate adapted, and fast-growing, thus requiring an understanding of links between a variety of physiological traits linked to growth and productivity. This study examined the basis for variations in water-use efficiency within four selected populations of Populus trichocarpa and Populus balsamifera (2 provenances each). Each species included both a northern and a southern provenance. Correlations between water-use efficiency, nitrogen-use efficiency, ¹³C/¹²C isotope ratio, stomatal conductance, and overall productivity were evaluated. Gas exchange variables measured included net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO₂ content. Water-use efficiency and ¹³C content across all genotypes were highly correlated. Results suggested that variation in water-use efficiency was primarily related to variation in stomatal conductance across all genotypes. Whereas differences in net photosynthesis in this study were not significant between species, P. balsamifera did reveal a higher average stem volume overall. Although variation in stomatal conductance was the major determinant of differences in water-use efficiency, positive correlations were found between ¹³C isotope abundance and net photosynthesis in both P. balsamifera provenances. In this regard, results for the northern P. balsamifera provenance are the most consistent across all gas-exchange and growth trait correlations, in terms of meeting expectations for sink-driven water-use efficiency. The findings in this study suggest the possibility of identifying poplar genotypes with an absence of trade-off between water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency, notably among genotypes from the northern P. balsamifera provenance, near Gillam.

Afforestation and reforestation programs utilizing available fields for biofuel production, carbon sequestration, and other uses linked to climate change are looking to tree physiologists to identify species and genotypes best-suited to their purposes. The ideal poplar genotype for use in Canadian programs would be drought-resistant, cold-climate adapted, and fast-growing, thus requiring an understanding of links between a variety of physiological traits linked to growth and productivity. This study examined the basis for variations in water-use efficiency within four selected populations of Populus trichocarpa and Populus balsamifera (2 provenances each). Each species included both a northern and a southern provenance. Correlations between water-use efficiency, nitrogen-use efficiency, ¹³C/¹²C isotope ratio, stomatal conductance, and overall productivity were evaluated. Gas exchange variables measured included net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO₂ content. Water-use efficiency and ¹³C content across all genotypes were highly correlated. Results suggested that variation in water-use efficiency was primarily related to variation in stomatal conductance across all genotypes. Whereas differences in net photosynthesis in this study were not significant between species, P. balsamifera did reveal a higher average stem volume overall. Although variation in stomatal conductance was the major determinant of differences in water-use efficiency, positive correlations were found between ¹³C isotope abundance and net photosynthesis in both P. balsamifera provenances. In this regard, results for the northern P. balsamifera provenance are the most consistent across all gas-exchange and growth trait correlations, in terms of meeting expectations for sink-driven water-use efficiency. The findings in this study suggest the possibility of identifying poplar genotypes with an absence of trade-off between water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency, notably among genotypes from the northern P. balsamifera provenance, near Gillam.

This project investigated the physiological responses of grapevine to deficit irrigation strategies including partial rootzone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). The principle objectives of the project were to (1) establish if the response to partial rootzone drying (PRD) is as a consequence of irrigation amount or a unique vine physiological response to PRD; (2) to investigate the effect of limiting environmental conditions on vine responses to PRD and deficit irrigation; (3) to investigate the effect of PRD and deficit irrigation on berry metabolism and maturation; and (4) effect of PRD and deficit irrigation on vine water-use. The experiment used field-grown Shiraz grapevines in a commercial vineyard in the Strathbogie Ranges in north-eastern Victoria. The experiment ran from season 2001/2002 through to 2003/2004 in a medium vigour, warm climate vineyard, with soils of low water holding capacity. (For complete abstract open document)

Water use efficiency (WUE), measured as the ratio of plant biomass to water consumption, is an essential agronomical trait for enhancing crop production under drought. Measuring water consumption is logistically difficult, especially in field conditions. The general objective of the present Thesis is to respond to three main questions: (i) can WUE be determined by using carbon isotope discrimination (CID), easy to measure?, (ii) how WUE and CID variation analysis can contribute to the genotypic selection of sunflower subjected to drought?, and (iii) can WUE variation be revealed by the variation of plant-water relation traits. Four experiments were carried out in greenhouse across two different years: (i) on two drought scenarios, progressive soil drying and stable water-stress, and (ii) on five levels of soil water content. The main traits that have been measured include WUE, CID, as well as plant-water relation traits, i.e. control of transpiration (FTSWt), water extraction capacity (TTSW), and dehydration tolerance (OA). A highly significant negative correlation was observed between WUE and CID, and a wide phenotypic variability was observed for both WUE and CID. A wide variability was also observed for FTSWt, TTSW and OA. The results provide new insight into the genetic control of WUE and CID related-traits, which, unlike to other crops, genetic control of WUE, CID, and TTSW in sunflower have never been reported in the literature. Further, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for FTSWt was never reported in any plant species. The QTL for WUE and CID were identified across different drought scenarios. The QTL for CID is considered as a ‘‘constitutive’’ QTL, because it is consistently detected across different drought scenarios. The QTL for CID co-localized with the QTL for WUE, biomass and cumulative water transpired. Co-localization was also observed between the QTL for FTSWt and TTSW, between the QTL for TTSW and WUE-CID-biomass, as well as between the QTL for FTSWt-TTSW and biomass. This study highlights that WUE is physiologically and genetically associated with CID. CID is an excellent surrogate for WUE measurement, and can be used to improve WUE by using marker-assisted selection (MAS) to achieve the ultimate goal of plant breeding at genomic level.