Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) is a versatile tool that relies on the photoelectric effect to produce high-resolution electron images. Ultrafast pulse lasers allow for multi-photon PEEM where multiple visible or IR photons excite a single electron in a nonlinear process. The photoelectron yield in both cases is related to the near-field region of electromagnetic fields at the surface of the sample. We use this ability here to analyze wave propagation in a linear dielectric waveguide with wavelengths of 410 nm and 780 nm. The propagation constant of the waveguide can be extracted from interference patterns created by light propagating in the waveguide and incident light. Various properties like the polarization dependence of the propagation can be analyzed. The electromagnetic field interaction at the boundaries can then be deduced, which is essential to understand power flow in wave guiding structures. These results match well with simulations using finite element techniques as well as electromagnetic theory.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Co-orientador: Luis Elvira Segura / Banca: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Banca: Ricardo Toquio Higuti / Banca: Flávio Buiochi / Banca: Nicolás Leoardo Pérez Alvarez / Resumo: O estudo da interação de ondas elásticas em sólidos imersos em um fluido tem sido reconhe- cido como um meio viável para caracterização de líquidos. As ondas guiadas em estruturas tipo placa possuem a característica de serem multimodais e dispersivas. Estas características introduzem mais informação ao processo de medição, além de tornar a análise teórica e a inter- pretação física dos resultados experimentais mais envolventes. Quando a placa está em contato com o fluido, há uma forte atenuação devido às ondas de fuga e perdas viscosas no fluido. Esta característica pode ser explorada para a caracterização de líquidos, devido à alta sensibilidade associada à interação entre a onda e o fluido. Pensando nesta particularidade estudou-se o modo quase Scholte, que é um tipo de onda de interface cuja energia está confinada perto da região da superfície da placa. A análise deste modo propagante é uma alternativa atraente para se determinar a velocidade volumétrica longitudinal e a atenuação no líquido, o que proporciona valiosas informações sobre as propriedades do fluido. Neste trabalho, as ondas guiadas (mo- dos de Lamb e quase Scholte) são teoricamente descritas por um sistema de equações obtido do modelamento de uma placa sólida homogênea em contato com um fluido viscoso, o qual é descrito usando a equação de Navier-Stokes. As curvas de dispersão e atenuação das ondas de Lamb e do modo quase Scholte são obtidos numericamente como soluções das equações carac- terísticas. Experimentos foram realizados visando mensurar a velocidade de fase e a atenuação para os modos de Lamb e quase Scholte, mostrando a existência de bandas de frequências de baixa atenuação. Estas medições foram obtidas usando transdutores longitudinais de banda larga acoplados a prismas de acrílico, excitados com pulsos senoidais e posteriormente analisa- dos em tempo-frequência / Abstract: The study of the interaction of elastic waves in solids immersed in a fluid has been recognized as a suitable method for fluid characterization. Guided waves in plate-like structures, are mul- timodal and dispersive. These characteristics provides more information in the measurement process. In addition, the theoretical analysis and physical interpretation of the experimental results become more involved. When the plate is in contact with a fluid, there is strong attenu- ation due to Leaky waves and viscous losses in the fluid. This characteristic can be explored for the fluid characterization, due to the high sensitivity associated to the interaction between the wave and fluid. From this feature a study about the quasi-Scholte mode was done, which is a kind of interface wave and its wave energy in the fluid is confined in the region close to the surface of the plate. The analysis of this propagating mode is an attractive alternative to determine the bulk longitudinal velocity and attenuation in the liquid, which provide valuable information about the liquid properties. In this work, guided waves (Lamb and quasi-Scholte modes) are theoretically described by a system of equations obtained by modeling a homo- genous solid plate in contact with a viscous fluid, which is modeled using the Navier-Stokes equation. The dispersion and attenuation curves of Lamb waves and quasi Scholte mode are numerically calculated from the characteristic equations. Experimental measurements were conducted in order to obtain the phase velocity and attenuation for the Lamb waves and quasi Scholte mode showing the existence of low attenuation frequencies bands. These measurements were obtained by using longitudinal wide band transducers coupled to acrylic wedges, excited with senoidal pulses and then time-frequency analysed. In order to evaluate the potential use of this result in NDT applications ultrasonic images were also ... / Doutor

A novel design for a DC excited cw C02 metal waveguide laser has been developed in which a slotted hollow-cathode in a transverse discharge also doubles as a metal waveguide. This design has been implemented in a compact design that produces up to 1 watt of cw, 10.6 μm radiation. The discharge characteristics, laser gain and laser output has been studied as functions of various discharge parameters. The advantages of the new transverse discharge of the slotted hollow cathode geometry include low voltage, positive impedence and high optical gain. Overall efficiency is comparable with those of conventional longitudinal CO2 lasers. The output laser modes were very clean low order Gaussian modes.

Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) uses photoelectrons excited from material surfaces by incident photons to probe the interaction of light with surfaces with nanometer-scale resolution. The point resolution of PEEM images is strongly limited by spherical and chromatic aberration. Image aberrations primarily originate from the acceleration of photoelectrons and imaging with the objective lens and vary strongly in magnitude with specimen emission characteristics. Spherical and chromatic aberration can be corrected with an electrostatic mirror, and here I develop a triode mirror with hyperbolic geometry that has two adjacent, field-adjustable regions. I present analytic and numerical models of the mirror and show that the optical properties agree to within a few percent. When this mirror is coupled with an electron lens, it can provide a large dynamic range of correction and the coefficients of spherical and chromatic aberration can be varied independently. I report on efforts to realize a triode mirror corrector, including design, characterization, and alignment in our microscope at Portland State University (PSU). PEEM may be used to investigate optically active nanostructures, and we show that photoelectron emission yields can be identified with diffraction, surface plasmons, and dielectric waveguiding. Furthermore, we find that photoelectron micrographs of nanostructured metal and dielectric structures correlate with electromagnetic field calculations. We conclude that photoemission is highly spatially sensitive to the electromagnetic field intensity, allowing the direct visualization of the interaction of light with material surfaces at nanometer scales and over a wide range of incident light frequencies.

The equations tor the propagation of Electromagnetic and Optical waves in tapered fibers and metallic waveguides are derived. Solutions are derived for the displacement of the beam from the waveguide axis as a function of distance along the axis, and also tor the beam width as a function of distance. These equations are solved numerically for a variety of tapered guides. Experiments are conducted which verify the theoretical results.

No description available.

Non-reciprocal wave transmission is a phenomenon witnessed in certain photonic devices when the wave propagation dynamics through the device along one direction differs greatly from the dynamics along the counter-propagating direction. Specifically, it refers to significant power transfer occurring in one direction, and greatly reduced power transfer in the opposite direction. The resulting effect is to isolate the directionality of wave propagation, allowing transmission to occur along one direction only. Given the popularity of photonic integrated circuits (PIC), in which all the optical components are fabricated on the same chip so that the entire optical system can be made more compact, it is desirable to have an easily integrated optical isolator. Common free-space optical isolator designs, which rely on the Faraday effect, are limited by the availability of suitable magnetic materials. This research proposes a novel integrated optical isolator based on an array of closely spaced, identical waveguides. Because of the nonlinear optical properties of the material, this device exploits the differing behaviors of such an array when illuminated with either a high power or a low power beam to achieve non-reciprocal wave transmission in the forwards and backwards directions, respectively. The switching can be controlled electro-optically via an integrated gain section which provides optical amplification before the input to the array. The design, fabrication, characterization and testing of this optical isolator are covered in this dissertation. We study the switching dynamics of this device and present its optimum operating conditions.

No description available.

Interference between the modes of an optical fiber results in specific intensity patterns which can be modulated as a function of disturbances in the optical fiber system. These modulation effects are a direct result of the difference in propagation constants of the constituent modes. In this presentation it is shown how the modulated intensity patterns created by the interference of specific mode groups in few-mode optical fibers (V < 5.0) can be used to detect strain. A detailed discussion of the modal phenomena responsible for the observed strain induced pattern modulation is given and it is shown that strain detection sensitivities on the order of 10-9 can be expected. Data taken during the evaluation of an actual experimental strain detection system based on the developed theory is also presented. / Master of Science

Attenuated total reflection techniques have been used extensively as analytical tools for the analysis of thin films and analytes imbedded in complex scattering matrices. However they have not been commonly utilized as detectors in common analytical techniques such as Flow Injection Analysis because of their relatively low sensitivity. The feasibility of using a thin film planar waveguide as an absorption sensor in the Flow Injection Analysis of Urea was investigated. Urea was hydrolyzed to ammonia and carbon dioxide with the enzyme Urease. The ammonia produced was quantitated colorimetrically using Berthelot’s reaction. The reaction product, indophenol blue, was detected using the combination planar waveguide 9.2 microliter flow cell sensor. The planar waveguides used had 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than typical internal reflection elements. The analytical working range obtained for urea determinations was from 0 to 20 mM urea at a rate of 30 samples per hour. A description of the investigation and the various factors involved in designing and optimizing a planar waveguide for absorption spectrometry is included. / Ph. D.