Injection moulding using the process of Shear Controlled Orientation Injection Moulding (SCORIM) to enhance the aesthetic characteristics of plastics was investigated. Unsightly surface weld lines were successfully removed from highly reflective aluminium flake pigmented plastics by the application of a single macroscopic SCORIM shear when used in series with Bright Surface Moulding (BSM). A gonio spectrophotometer (GSP) was used for the quantitative characterisation of the Al flake pigmented mouldings as a measure of surface reflectivity and preferred angle of reflection. The different directional properties of surface reflectivities to either side of a conventional weld line are unacceptable, but were successfully reoriented approximately uniformly with the use of SCORIM and BSM moulding (i. e. SBM) used in series. SBM therefore provided an acceptable quality of surface finish for mouldings originally containing a weld line, without deterioration of mechanical properties. Indeed, some improvements in mechanical properties were observed. Translucent two-colour mouldings were used to successfully demonstrate the flow paths taken by sheared material during the application of macroscopic shears. The use of intermittent shearing to encapsulate shear oriented material in the solidifying layers, manifested original and profound aesthetic effects. This resulted from mixing the two colours and was reproducible and widely variable. The morphology of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) processed in this way and examined by light and electron microscopy revealed how only one or two intermittent shears were required to orient a large volume of the moulding in the shear direction. Moreover, U-shaped flow paths demonstrated that the easiest shear route was close to the mouldings edges, an observation supported by x-ray analysis. The addition of Al flake pigment was found to act as a heterogeneous nucleant for ß-spherulites. This acted as a suitable marker for the clear identification of the displaced weld interface using polarised light microscopy, of filled and unfilled iPP. y-phase was identified with the use of only one or two intermittent shears which reflects an increase in molecular alignment and consequent improved mechanical properties. The intensity of the y-phase increased with the volume of material sheared. Strong evidence was also obtained of a linear relationship between the logarithm of the time lapse between two intermittent shears and the corresponding values of a-phase index, crystallinity index and percentage crystallinity. The values of each increasing proportionally with the length of time used. Microhardness characterisation revealed anisotropy within SCORIM samples consistent with preferred orientation and increased modulus in the shear direction. The skin layers were characterised as the softest region through the thickness of SCORIM mouldings. The results of this work were used to provide the basis of a computer simulation of the SCORIM process under development at the University of Wales Swansea.

Les lignes de soudure apparaissent fréquemment par moulage par injection lorsque des fronts séparés de polymère fondu se rencontrent. Elles induisent une réduction significative de la résistance à la rupture et de la déformation, en particulier pour les composites. Il est donc essentiel de prévoir de façon fiable leurs propriétés mécaniques pendant la phase de conception du produit, mais les outils de simulation actuels ne sont pas encore en mesure de le faire. La littérature met en évidence deux raisons principales : une diffusion macromoléculaire incomplète de la matrice polymère aux interfaces et un changement de la distribution d'orientation des fibres. Ce travail s’est donné pour objectif de caractériser et de quantifier la contribution de ces facteurs et de contribuer à améliorer la prédiction des propriétés mécaniques des polymères renforcés de fibres courtes moulés par injection.Des échantillons en PBT renforcé de fibres de verre à 30 % en poids ont été moulées avec des lignes de soudure frontale et fuyante. Les déformations dans les essais mécaniques ont été mesurées par corrélation d'images numériques pour quantifier la localisation dans les lignes de soudure. La microstructure a été déterminée par tomographie X. Nous avons pu notamment montrer que les lignes de soudure fuyantes ne s’estompaient que très lentement et que les fronts de matière se comportent vis-à-vis de l’autre comme des parois. Un modèle physique basé sur la théorie de la reptation a été mis en œuvre pour déterminer un critère de cicatrisation de l’interface. En utilisant la distribution d’orientation mesurée et un schéma d'homogénéisation adéquat pour chaque élément dans une simulation par éléments finis, les propriétés mécaniques jusqu’à la rupture du composite ont pu être calculés et expliquent la réduction des propriétés mécaniques au niveau des lignes de soudure, sachant que les interfaces étaient entièrement cicatrisées pour le matériau de l’étude. Enfin, pour cette matrice semi-cristalline, nous avons montré la nécessité d’utiliser une loi de comportement élastoplastique avec un seuil d’endommagement dépendant de l’orientation des fibres. / Weld Lines frequently appear by injection molding when separate polymer melt fronts meet. They induce a significant reduction in the failure strength and strain, especially for composites. It is therefore essential to predict reliably their mechanical properties during the product design phase, but current simulation tools are still not able to do it. Literature points to two main reasons of WL weakness: an incomplete polymer matrix healing and a change in the fiber orientation distribution. The objective of this work is to characterize and quantify the contribution of these factors and to contribute to improving the prediction of the mechanical properties of injection molded short-fiber reinforced polymers.Samples of 30 % wt. glass fiber-reinforced PBT were injection molded with frontal and flowing weld lines. The deformations in the mechanical tests were measured by of digital image correlation to quantify the location of deformation in the weld lines. The microstructure was quantified using X-ray computed tomography scans. In particular, we were able to show that the flowing weld lines were fading very slowly and that the material fronts behave towards each other like walls. A physical model based on reptation theory was implemented to determine a criterion for interface healing. Using the measured orientation distribution and an appropriate homogenization scheme for each element of a finite elements simulation, the mechanical properties up to the failure of the composite could be calculated and explain the reduction in mechanical properties at the weld lines, knowing that the interfaces were fully healed for the study material. Finally, for this semi-crystalline polymer, we have shown the need to use an elastoplastic constitutive law with a damage threshold depending on the orientation of the fibers.