Thesis (DTech (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. / Multi-grade teaching is a worldwide phenomenon. Meeting the basic needs of rural people in developing countries is a major challenge to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the Education for All programmes. Situation analyses carried out by Little (1995, 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005), Juvane (2005), Taylor and Mulhalll (1997) and Atchoarena and Gasperini (2003) indicate that multi-grade schools are common in impoverished, low population settlements such as remote areas and small villages. Researchers like Berry (2001), Pratt (1986) and Bryk (1994) report evidence that multi-grade schools can be positive places for learners and teachers. Observations done by Rao (2004), McGinn (1996) and McEwan and Benveniste (2001) show that successful models of multi-grade teaching already exist. Examples of addressing the isolation of multi-grade settings are found in Finland and Greece, where ICT is utilized to address this challenge. The "active" pedagogy which researchers like Little (1995, 2003 and 2005), Juvane (2005), Miller (1999) and McEwan and Benveniste (2001) promote for multigrade schools expects teachers to guide activities to be completed, and allows for free activities, which require application of the knowledge gained. It also involves creative exploration and application of regional-specific knowledge and relies upon learners to acquire and construct knowledge for themselves, guided by the teacher. Atchoarena and Gasperini (2005:6) believe in an integrated learning concept which bases its focus on the notion that effective learning is not limited to the classroom, but that, through use of community resources the curricula can "come alive."The "active" pedagogy and the expected participation of communities in the teaching and learning process should not only be for the benefit of the multi-grade class but should also be applicable to teaching and learning in mono-grade classes. This contributes to Bingham's (1995:6) view that a natural community of learners is inclusive of experiences outside school boundaries in the larger world. According to the Ministerial Committee on Rural Education (2005:12), South Africa's first ten years of democracy, are after 1994, characterized by an overwhelming commitment to equality, to treat everyone in the same way no matter what his or her differences are. Hence, the management and funding of rural schools are similar to the principles and formulas of those of urban schools. So too, curriculum and pedagogies of rural schooling are planned to be the same as those found in rural settings. Emerging Voices (2205:12) and Joubert (2005:3) agree that rural education has to provide the means to enable generations to break out of the recurring cycle of unskilled labour and resultant poverty. State education must deliver learners who are able to read, write and are numerate and furthermore deliver trained teachers for the multigrade Irural school system. In the literacy reviewed, it is clear that curricula, learning materials, teacher education and assessment are necessary components of an integrated strategy for learning and teaching in multi-grade settings. Surrounding these strategies is the need for national policies for curriculums, materials, teacher education and assessment that recognize, legitimate and support learners and teachers in multi-grade settings. The researcher identified two interventions, which addressed the above mentioned multi-grade phenomenon in South Africa, namely the Kgatelopele project of the Limpopo Education Department launched in 2000 and the Multi-grade Rural School Intervention (MGRSI) in the Western Cape Province launched in 2001. Both these interventions focused on the needs of multi-grade schools, and ways to address those needs. The MGRSI was structured according to a logic model, which provided the objectives of the intervention and the strategy, which it intended to follow in order to reach the stated outcomes. This study provided the opportunity to do a case study, which revealed the successes and the challenges of the intervention implemented from 2001 to 2006.

Thesis (DTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / From a municipal perspective non-payment means that consumers, rate-payers and citizens are not fulfilling their obligations towards a particular municipality, contributing to a situation of insufficient available cash for day-to-day service delivery. The current debt situation in municipalities can be linked to the creation of a culture of non-payment due to the political situation in South Africa pre- and post-1994. Sections 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 present the contributions and reasons for the current debt situation per the three spheres of government. South African municipal debt increased by 88 percent (R44 billion) over the last five financial years, from R50 billion in 2009/2010 to R94 billion in 2013/2014. The trend of 15- 20 percent per year increase in debt precludes the effective, efficient and economic provision of essential and emergency services to communities. All municipalities need to ensure that an effective collection relationship exists and that municipalities implement policies, by-laws, processes, procedures and systems in this regard. However, many municipalities fail in their quest for effective collection, or lack the capacity to utilise enabling legislation to implement an efficient and effective debt collection framework. This research study was conducted in response to this scenario, to identify and document existing problems through the development of guidelines and a framework for effective cash and debt collection. The guidelines will assist municipalities in collecting their outstanding debts.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Social entrepreneurship is well positioned in tackling socio-economic problems in poor communities. Besides transforming the market, the impact of social entrepreneurship is becoming more important for the world to improve social challenges and provide social innovation solutions that are sustainable and effective. Regardless of the positive performance of activities implemented by social entrepreneurs in tackling socioeconomic issues in the Cape Metropolitan area, their impact on community development remains unknown and is negatively perceived by the communities. This study sought to develop an understanding from communities of how social entrepreneurship impacts their development and to determine its social impact. The study investigated the impact of social entrepreneurship on community development in order to improve interaction among stakeholders. The research questions were: What impact do social entrepreneurs have on communities? How can social entrepreneurship improve development in communities? What forms of support do social entrepreneurs need in order to effectively develop communities? A mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative) was used to collect data through semi-structured questionnaire and interview to determine the needs and capture the views of stakeholders regarding the impact of social entrepreneurs on community development. Social entrepreneurship is a tool that can tackle deprived communities’ problems, especially in the Cape Metropolitan areas of Khayelitsha and Gugulethu where socioeconomic problems such as health, education, and others are increasing. Social entrepreneurs’ activities are laid to develop the community as they provide comprehensive care, support the most vulnerable communities and strive to improve the quality of health, education and unemployment. It was found that improvements through training, educating and facilitating communities’ engagement in different activities such as home-based care and developing children mentality in creating space for every person to develop their needs is what could promote and impact community development. However, it was also found that social entrepreneurs sometimes use resources or methods of monitoring that are deemed useless to attain their objectives.

Thesis (MTech (Office Management and Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Healthcare facilities across South Africa are increasingly facing a myriad of societal, fiscal, political and cultural challenges associated with demands for greater quality in the provision of healthcare services. This study measures service quality and customer satisfaction at a Cape Town hospital (hereinafter referred to as Hospital X), with the aim of providing its management with information to enable them to enhance service quality and thus improve customer satisfaction. It is essential to note that the respondents in this study were the parents or guardians of patients. The views of the patients were not obtained directly from them as it would have been unethical for minors to have participated in the survey. Their parents or guardians were surveyed in order to obtain the requisite data. The problem investigated was that management at public hospitals does not regularly research what customers need from a service quality point of view, Therefore, Hospital X may be failing to provide a quality service to its customers, namely, parents and guardians. Against this background, the researcher set out to measure customer perceptions and expectations of service quality by making use of the SERVQUAL model. “Customer expectation” is what the customer can reasonably expect given the available resources and is likely to be influenced by personal needs and past experience. “Customer perceptions” are totally subjective and based on the customer’s interaction with the service provided at Hospital X. The SERVQUAL model (reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy and responsiveness), is commonly known as the RATER model, RATER being an acronym formed from the first letter of each of the five dimensions of SERVQUAL. The study incorporates the SERVQUAL dimensions within a survey comprising a number of questions structured on a six-point Likert scale. The results of applying the SERVQUAL model will indicate whether or not Hospital X provides a quality service to their customers. The study seeks to demonstrate the importance of service quality and customer satisfaction to hospital management, as well as the impact that effective service quality can have on customers’ evaluation of their overall hospital experience. (The term customer will be used interchangeably with parent and/or guardian in this study.)

This evaluative case study investigates the use of a specific learning support materials (LSMs) package, Animal Awareness for World and Regional Education (AA WARE), in the natural sciences, intermediate phase. Schools with access to the resource were canvassed through questionnaires to assess overall use in relation to distribution via workshop versus hand delivery, class size, availability of alternate LSMs and lastly the level of exposure to the distributing organisation. Three case studies were undertaken at three different schools. Data was generated through observations and interviews with the teacher undertaking the lesson observed. The aim of the case studies was to gain greater insight into AAWARE in practice and the factors that facilitated the use of the resource by these teachers. The research indicates that while AAWARE has overcome some inhibitors of resource use, its potential within Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) and the Revised National Curriculum Statements (RNCS) has not been achieved so far, except in a few isolated cases. Factors enabling the use of the resource are its user-friendly design, availability in all three languages spoken by the majority of Western Cape learners and the integration with education policy. Workshops, although not necessary for the utilisation of AA WARE in part, could enhance the integrated nature of the resource and introduce teachers to the potential of using the resource as an entire unit as opposed to a collection of separate lesson plans. A relationship is seen between exposure to the distributing organisation, the personal interest in wildlife of the teacher and the use of AAWARE. Finally recommendations are provided to increase the use of AA WARE. It is suggested that the resource undergoes a more effective alignment to RNCS content (RNCS policy was not an issue) now that RNCS implementation is completed. Further workshops should be offered in the use of AA WARE. Lastly a long-term strategy should be developed to enthuse schools and teachers about the intentions, goals and appropriateness of the resource.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Souns-for-Literacy program in selected Knysna and Plettenberg Bay pre-schools. This included investigating if there were significant benefits for its recipients and recommending improvements that could be made to the program, particularly in adapting it to fit the South African context. The program claims to build letter-sound associations. In response to evidence gained in the biannual surveys done by KET, it was decided that the program warranted a more formal evaluation. It was later agreed that the evaluation should i) critically examine claims about the effectiveness of the program; ii) analyse the relative value of factors contributing to its effectiveness, such as teachers, implementation practices and the program’s material and methodology, then iii) recommend improvements that cauld be made to the program. The evaluation should also identify insights gained in developing reading skills in pre-school children, specifically in South Africa’s multicultural and multilingual contexts. The total number of schools investigated was 25 (21 pre-schools and 4 primary schools for follow-up purposes). The data collection was primarily through i) interviews with program personnel (mentors, facilitators, teachers and volunteers), ii) observations of the children interacting with the equipment of the program as well as iii) individual, informal and age-appropriate testing of letter-sound association knowledge at the end of the academic year. The findings revealed that: i) the program’s materials and methodology showed ‘highly significant’ benefits to most of its beneficiaries; ii) KET’s support system (including mentors, facilitators and volunteers) was particularly valuable in contributing to the program’s effectiveness; iii) certain adaptations to the sequence of symbol presentation for each language would benefit the children’s word-building capacity; iv)the emergent literacy skill of learning letter-sound knowledge should gain more focus during this pre-school stage.

Bibliography: pages 171-197. / Avian remains in coastal archaeological samples from Eland's Bay Cave, Die Kelders Cave 1 and Nelson Bay Cave in the Cape Province, South Africa, cover the periods between 80 000 and 40 000 B.P. and 18 000 and 300 B.P. Results of modern comparative surveys indicate that beached birds provide a predictable food supply. Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample nonparametric tests confirmed the close resemblance between the relative proportions of seabirds in archaeological and beached assemblages and earlier assumptions that the composition of seabird samples in archaeological sites could not otherwise have been achieved. It is shown that this simple but effective practice has a history going well into the Middle Stone Age. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for differences between the relative proportions of skeletal elements of Cape cormorants preserved in archaeological and modern jackal accumulations provided a useful means of drawing attention to possible activity of jackals and/or domesticated dogs. Recognition that diagenesis in some earlier samples may mimic the characteristics of modern jackal samples has established the need to extend the comparison of skeletal elements to additional species and to study the relative durability of avian skeletal elements. Similar comparison with the proportions of modern mammalian and avian predator prey species and size (mass) categories provided no indication that black or martial eagles might have contributed to the samples. Similarly, present knowledge of Cape eagle owls argues against their being likely inhabitants of caves suitable for occupation by people. It is concluded that people were the primary accumulators of the assemblages studied and that the role of small food items in prehistoric subsistence can be addressed with greater confidence. Correspondence analysis was used to determine the existence of seasonality in the modern beached seabird samples. The profiles of the archaeological samples are plotted in relation to months in which they were most likely to have been collected. Seasonal evidence from species not subjected to the correspondence analysis supported these results. The results obtained closely supported the hypothesis for seasonal exploitation of the coast. It was also possible to indicate that visits were probably of short duration and that their timing varied. Exploitation of seabirds did not coincide with the period of maximum availability of beached birds. Comparison of the avian evidence with that from seals, Cape dune mole rats and steenbok/grysbok suggested that small food items comprised part of a seasonal strategy that made maximum use of a range of seasonal resources. Evidence for significant local environmental change in addition to, and in support of, existing information has been obtained. Fluctuations in marine, freshwater and terrestrial birds at Eland's Bay Cave have been related to evidence for changes in terminal Pleistocene and Holocene sea levels and the position of the coast, and in the morphology of Verlorenvlei. At Die Kelders Cave 1 between 80 000 and 40 000 B.P., previously drier conditions were ameliorating and mixed scrub and grass and freshwater existed on the coastal foreland in the vicinity of the cave. Fluctuations in frequencies of seabirds indicate that the sea level rose slightly and then receded during the period of deposition. At Nelson Bay Cave samples indicate the approach of the coast after the Last Glacial Maximum, the disappearance of grassland and its replacement by scrub and bush as significant elements of the vegetation. Freshwater birds did not respond as expected, however, indicating that their interpretation at Nelson Bay Cave is complex and not consistent with evidence for wetter or drier conditions. A possible link has been shown to exist between fluctuations of albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters at Nelson Bay Cave and the intensity of wind patterns which are related to oceanic and atmospheric circulation. Further investigation should establish whether seabirds would provide an index of climatic conditions without support from other sources.

Bibliography: pages 310-325. / At the end of World War II, volunteers from the University of Cape Town began literacy and post-literacy evening classes for African adults near the Blouvlei squatter settlement in Retreat. From this small beginning a significant voluntary adult education movement developed until, at the peak of its expansion, there were night schools located at fourteen different sites in the Cape Peninsula from Sea Point to Simonstown. The thesis studies the twenty-three year lifespan of this movement which provided tuition at both primary and secondary level and from 1950 called itself the "Cape Non-European Night Schools Association" (CNENSA). The history of the organisation deals chronologically with three distinct periods: (1) 1945-1948, the opening phase, when in the aftermath of a Commission of Enquiry into adult education, volunteer groups undertaking adult night classes were encouraged and were granted small subsidies; (2) 1949-1957, a period of continuing and rapid expansion; (3) 1958-1967, the years in which the government reduced, restricted and finally eliminated all the CNENSA's schools. While the movement is studied with regard to its educational programme, choice of subjects, curricula, text-books and general organisation, much of the central interest derives from an examination of its origin and operation in relation to the political and socio-economic developments in the country. The study is thus concerned with the causes of African poverty and illiteracy and the continuous backdrop of major external events during the existence of the Association. In the inter-relatedness of the two historical themes thus pursued, the participants in the education movement, both teachers and pupils, are seen to reflect the wider society, and the study in its broad survey refers to many events of profound historical significance; these include the setting up of Bantu Education and the other pillars of apartheid, the development of major protest organisations and trade unions, the staging of the Civil Disobedience Campaign and the Congress of the People, the events at Sharpeville and in Langa in 1960 and the eventual emergence of underground movements and armed resistance. There is a strong focus on the motives and attitudes of both the learners and teachers in the movement and on their perceptions of their times and of each other. In this respect an interesting liberal-radical continuum is seen running right through the history of the Association. In the concluding chapters, to question the evidence from an alternative viewpoint before final evaluations are made, the work of the CNENSA is examined in the light of a Paulo Freirian perspective.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr., a pathogen of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), moves mainly through conidia by air currents in vineyards which are deposited intermittently on the surfaces of leaves, inflorescences and bunches. Little is known about the relationship between the inoculum dosage in air and incidence of Botrytis bunch rot, and how the relationship is influenced by environmental and host factors. To better understand this relationship, information is needed on the period over which conidia have accumulated, the time they are able to survive and remain infectious, time of symptom expression in relation to conidium arrival at the infection court and host surface wetness. The aims of this study were (i) to estimate the amount of viable B. cinerea occurring in air in vineyards, and at different positions on leaves, inflorescences and bunches of grape at different phenological stages, (ii) to determine the relationships between the number of B. cinerea colonies recorded on spore traps placed in the bunch zone of vines and the incidence of B. cinerea recorded from the different tissues, and (iii) to compare the efficacy of fenhexamid on leaves and inflorescences carrying natural B. cinerea inoculum with those inoculated with dry, airborne conidia. Different techniques were used to detect viable Botrytis cinerea in air currents and on plant material obtained from table (cultivars Dauphine and Waltham Cross in Paarl- and Worcester-district) and wine grape (cultivars Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Merlot in Stellenbosch- and Malmesbury district) vineyards in the Western Cape province during 2001-02 and 2002-03. For four consecutive days during prebloorn, bloom, pea-size, bunch closure, veraison and harvest, sets of Petri dishes with freshly prepared Kerssies' B. cinerea selective medium (spore traps) were left overnight in the bunch zone of vines. Plant material was collected from the vines on the fourth day. Leaves, infloresence and bunches were treated with paraquat to terminate host resistance and to promote the development of the pathogen on the tissues. The B. cinerea inoculum dosage in air, and the incidence at which the pathogen was detected at various positions on leaves and in bunches normally differed between vineyards. However, the various tests revealed that the pathogen generally occurred in a consistent pattern in air in the bunch zone of vines, on leaves and in bunches from all vineyards. The inoculum dosage in air in the bunch zone of the vine was generally highest during prebioom or during bloom, it decreased at pea size and mostly remained at a very low level at the later growth stages. The estimations of viable B. cinerea residing naturally on leaves and in bunches, showed that their amounts depicted levels occurring in air in the bunch zone of the vine. Necrotic leaves occurring early season in vineyards were identified as an important source of secondary inoculum for dispersal to the developing bunches. Latent infections at the various positions in bunches were few at véraison and harvest. However, due to the necrotrophic ability of the pathogen, extensive berry rot (due to berry-to-berry contact) and thus severe bunch rot developed from a single berry that become symptomatic at the base of the pedicel/berry attachment zone. The B. cinerea occupation pattern explains why Botrytis bunch rot develops mostly from the inner bunch and why disease management strategies should concentrate on the bloom to pre-bunch closure stage and on inhibiting B. cinerea development in the inner bunch during the early part of the season. Thus, to effectively reduce B. cinerea in grapevine, preventative applications are recommended to reduce two primary infection events: (a) between budding and pre-bloom to counteract primary leaf infection; (b) during late bloom or early pea size stage, to reduce the amount of the pathogen on leaves and infloresences and to prevent colonisation of floral debris. A third spray can be applied at bunch closure to reduce the amount of B. cinerea at various positions of the inner bunch, especially for cultivars with tight bunches. The efficacy of fenhexamid on leaves and inflorescences carrying natural B. cinerea inoculum was compared with those inoculated with dry, airborne conidia. Shoots were obtained during late bloom from a vineyard (wine grape cultivar Merlot) in the Stellenbosch region. The shoots were divided into two main groups. One group of shoots was left uninoculated, the other shoots were inoculated by dusting with dry B. cinerea conidia in a settling tower. Before inoculation, equal numbers of shoots in each main group was sprayed with fenhexamid, or left unsprayed. Following inoculation and incubation, shoots of each treatment were divided in two equal groups. The one lot of shoots were rinsed in water. The other lot of shoots were immersed in paraquat solution to terminate host resistance and to promote the development of the pathogen from the tissues. For both uninoculated and inoculated shoots, irrespective of fungicide treatment, leaves remained asymptomatic at both the blade and petiole position for the water rinse treatment. No symptom of B. cinerea decay developed at any of the positions on leaves from shoots sprayed with fenhexamid. Spraying of shoots with fenhexamid completely suppressed B. cinerea infection and symptom expression on both uninoculated and inoculated inflorescens. For inoculated shoots, B. cinerea developed from approximately 50% of the laterals in the water rinse treatment. However, inflorescences rinsed in water remained asymptomatic. The laboratory studies showed that fungicides, if applied properly to shoots and bunches under controlled conditions, effectively reduced the amount of B. cinerea at the various positions on leaves and inflorescence, and prevented infection and symptom expression at bloom. However, these goals are not achieved in vineyards where the fungicides are applied by conventional spraying methods. Therefore, more work is needed to evaluate fungicide application techniques by conventional spraying methods for proper fungicide coverage, and the reduction of B. cinerea in bunches. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr., 'n patogeen van druiwe (Vilis vinifera L.), beweeg hoofsaaklik deur middel van konidia in lugstrome deur die wingerd, en word dan afwisselend op die oppervlakte van die blare, bloeiwyses en trosse gedeponeer. Daar is nog min bekend oor die verhouding tussen die hoeveelheid inokulum in die lug en die voorkoms van Botrytis op die trosse, en hoe die verhouding deur omgewings- en gasheerfaktore beïnvloed word. Ten einde hierdie interaksie beter te verstaan, word inligting benodig oor die tydperk waarin die konidia akkumuleer, die tyd wat hulle oorleef en virulent bly, en die tyd van simptoom-uitdrukking in verhouding tot die verspreiding van die konidia by die infeksie-setel en benatbaarheid van die gasheer-oppervlakte. Die doel van hierdie studie was (i) om die hoeveelheid lewensvatbare B. cinerea wat in die lug voorkom, asook by verskeie posisies op blare, bloeiwyses en trosse by verskillende fenologiese stadiums te kwantifiseer, (ii) om die verhouding tussen die aantal aangetekende B. cinerea kolonies op spoorvangers wat in die trossone van die wingerd geplaas is, en die voorkoms van B. cinerea, aangeteken van verskeie weefsels, te bepaal, en (iii) om die effektiwiteit van fenhexamid op blare en bloeiwyses wat natuurlike B. cinerea inokulum dra, te vergelyk met dié wat met droë, luggedraagde konidia geïnokuleer is. Verskillende tegnieke is gebruik om lewensvatbare Botrytis cinerea in lugstrome en op plantmateriaal van tafeldruiwe (kultivars Dauphine en Waltham Cross In Paarl- en Worcester-distrik) en wyndruiwe (kultivar Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc en Merlot in Stellenbosch- en Malmesbury distrik) in wingerde van die Wes-Kaap provinsie gedurende 2001-02 en 2002-03 te kwantifiseer. Petri bakkies met vars voorbereide Kerssies medium, selektief vir B. cinerea (spoorvangers), is vir vier agtereenvolgende dae gedurende vóórblom, blom, ertjiekorrel, trostoemaak, kleurbreek en oes, oornag in die trossone van wingerdstokke in betrokke wingerde, gelaat. Plantmateriaal is op die vierde dag versamel. Blare, bloeiwyses en trosse is met paraquat behandel ten einde die gasheerweerstand af te breek en ontwikkeling van die patogeen op die weefsel te bevorder. B. cinerea inokulum in die lug, en die frekwensie waarby die patogeen op verskeie posisies op blare en in die trosse voorgekom het, het normaalweg tussen wingerde verskil. Die verskeie toetse het getoon dat die patogeen normaalweg in 'n vaste patroon in die lug en die trossones van wingerde, asook op blare en in trosse van alle wingerde voorkom. Die inokulumkonsentrasie in die lug in die trossones van wingerdstokke was normaalweg die hoogste gedurende vóórblom of gedurende blom. Die inokulumdruk het by ertjiekorrel verminder en meestal by 'n 'n baie lae vlak tydens die latere groeistadia gebly. Die bepaling van lewensvatbare B. cinerea wat natuurlik op blare en in trosse gedeponeer is, het getoon dat hul hoeveelhede ooreenstem met vlakke wat in die lug in die trossone van die wingerd voorkom. Nekrotiese blare vroeg in die seisoen is 'n belangrike bron van sekondêre inokulum en speel dus 'n belangrike rol by die verspreiding van Botrytis tussen die ontwikkelende trosse. Latente infeksies by die verskeie posisies in trosse was laag by kleurbreek en oes. Weens die saprofitiese vermoëns van die patogeen, kan uitgebreide korrelvrot (a.g.v. korrel-tot-korrel kontak) en dus ernstige trosvrot, ontwikkel. 'n Enkele korrel kan by die basis van die pedisel/korrel vashegtingsone simptomaties raak, en vandaar na aangrensende korrels versprei. Die B. cinerea kolonisasiepatroon verduidelik waarom Botrytis trosvrot meestal vanaf die binneste tros ontwikkel en waarom siektebeheerstrategieë op die vóórblom- tot blomstadium gekonsentreer moet word, en op die inhibering van B. cinerea ontwikkeling in die binneste tros gedurende die vroeë stadia van die seisoen. Dus, om B. cinerea effektief tydens die twee primêre infeksie stadiums in wingerde te verminder, kan voorkomende toedienings aanbeveel word: (a) tussen knopvorming en vóórblom om primêre blaarinfeksie te verhoed; (b) gedurende láátblom en vroeë ertjiekorrel om die hoeveelheid inokulum op die blare en bloeiwyses te verminder, en die kolonisasie van blomdebris te voorkom. 'n Derde toediening kan tydens trostoemaak aangewend word om B. cinerea by verskeie posisies in die binneste tros te verminder, veral by kultivars met digte trosse. Die effektiwitiet van fenhexamid op blare en bloeiwyses waarop natuurlike B. cinerea inokulum voorkom is vergelyk met dié wat met droë, luggedraagde konidia geïnokuleer is. Lote is vanaf 'n wingerd (wyndruif kultivar Merlot) in die Stellenbosch distrik tydens láátblom verkry en in twee hoofgroepe verdeel. Die een groep lote is geïnokuleer deur droë B. cinerea konidia in 'n afsettingstoring te strooi, terwyl die ander groep nie geïnokuleer is nie. Vóór inokulasie, is die helfte van die lote in elke groep met fenhexamid behandel, terwyl die ander helfte onbehandeld gelaat is. Ná inokulasie en inkubasie, is lote van elke behandeling verder in twee eweredige groepe verdeel. Die een groep lote is in water gespoel, terwyl die ander groep lote in 'n paraquatoplossing gedompel is om die gasheerweerstand te verwyder, en die ontwikkeling van die patogeen vanuit die weefsels te bevorder. Vir die waterspoelbehandeling van beide ongeïnokuleerde en geïnokuleerde lote, ongeag van die fungisiedbehandeling, het die blare asimptomaties by beide die bladoppervlakte en blaarsteelposisie gebly. Geen simptome van B. cinerea verrotting het by emge van die blaarposisies van die lote, met fenhexamid gespuit, ontwikkel nie. Die spuit van die lote met fenhexamid het die B. cinerea infeksie en die simptoomontwikkeling op beide die ongeïnokuleerde en geïnokuleerde bloeiwyses heeltemalonderdruk. By die geïnokuleerde lote, het B. cinerea vanaf ongeveer 50% van die laterale in die waterspoelbehandeling ontwikkel, alhoewel, bloeiwyses wat in water afgespoel is, heeltemal asimptomaties gebly het. Laboratoriumstudies het getoon dat fungisiedes, indien korrek toegedien op lote en trosse onder gekontroleerde toestande, tot effektiewe vermindering van B. cinerea getalle by die verskillende posisies op blare en bloeiwyses lei, en infeksie en simptoomuitdrukking tydens blom voorkom. Weens die feit dat die doelwitte nie behaal kan word in wingerde waar die fungisiede deur konvensionele spuitmetodes toegedien is nie, moet meer studies gedoen word om fungisied toedieningstegnieke, by konvensionele spuitmetodes, VIr deeglike fungisiedbedekking en die vermindering van B. cinerea in trosse, te evalueer.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The foraging mode of the Cape grass lizard, Chamaesaura anguina, was determined by using three criteria: 1) the number of movements per minute (MPM) and the percentage of time spent moving (PTM) during periods of activity; 2) the amount of tongueflicking directed at cotton applicators labelled with prey chemicals as a measure of prey chemical discrimination; 3) the stomach contents of the lizards as an indication of the natural diet. Observations were made by means of binoculars from an observation tower using a seminatural outdoor enclosure, and through a one-way glass panel using a seminatural indoor enclosure. Each lizard was observed for aIO minute period during peak activity and the times it was moving and the times it was stationary were recorded. Data obtained in the indoor- and outdoor enclosures did not differ significantly and were pooled. "MPM(0.37 ± 0.21 SD) and PTM (1.92 % ± 0.93 SD) values recorded for C. anguina (N = 10) fall within the range given as characteristic for sit-and-wait foragers. Nine C. anguina individuals were habituated in glass terraria to accept mealworms offered to them. When all lizards accepted food without hesitation, they were tested for their ability to discriminate among three different odours presented to them in a randomized block design: prey odours consisting of mealworm surface odours, distilled water as an odourless control stimulus, and cologne as a pungency control. The number of tongue-flicks directed at the cotton applicator containing the stimulus odour during 60 s was recorded. No statistically significant differences were found among the responses to the three treatment odours (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 2.41, dj = 2, P = 0.30). An analysis of the stomach contents of21 C. anguina specimens revealed a diet of mostly diurnally active arthropod prey species. The preferred body temperatures selected by 12 grass lizards in a thermal gradient were measured six times during a 48 hour period, using a copper-constantan thermocouple inserted into the cloaca. The measured body temperatures (N = 72) ranged from 22.62 oe - 27.07 oe with a mean of24.82 oe ± 2.27 SD. The low preferred body temperature exhibited by C. anguina as compared to other cordylids may be attributed to the combined influence of vegetative cover, high altitude, and high surface-volume ratio. To determine movement patterns and microhabitat use, six lizards were observed in a seminatural outdoor enclosure (4 x 4 m). The location of the grass tufts in the enclosure was mapped, and the position of each lizard within the enclosure was noted on 17 mornings. Observations of lizard behaviour during periods of activity were made by means of binoculars from an observation tower. Although C. anguina did not show reliance on a specific shelter site, the taller, broader tufts were generally preferred as refuges during inactivity. There were significant differences between the heights (student's z-test; P < 0.001) and the diameters (Mann-Whitney; P < O.00 1) of the preferred grass tufts, and those grass tufts that were not preferred as refuges, respectively. The lizards usually sheltered in a coiled-up position in the middle of the grass tufts close to the ground. During active periods, the lizards perched in an elevated position in the vegetation by entangling their elongated bodies and tails in the grass for efficient weight distribution. Locomotion was mainly restricted to the strike action when attacking prey. Fynbos and grassland, which are the main habitat of grass lizards of the genus Chamaesaura, are fire-prone. With their serpentiform morphology, grass lizards differ markedly from other cordylids, the majority of which are rock-dwelling. One aim of this study was to determine whether grass lizards make use of refuges like burrows or crevices within their grasslrestioid habitat during periods of inactivity or when threatened by fire. Refuge selection during inactivity was determined experimentally. Twelve lizards were offered different refuge options, namely grass tufts, crevices, burrows and loose sand. All twelve lizards preferred to shelter in the grass tufts. When the grass tufts were removed, only two lizards made use of the burrows and crevices provided, the other 10 not sheltering at all. Refuge selection when threatened by fire was tested by placing the 12 lizards in an enclosure provided with grass tufts and two types of refuges, burrows and crevices. The grass was set alight at one end of the enclosure and the fire was fanned on towards the other end with the aid of a high-speed fan. Precautions were taken to ensure the safety of all the lizards and to intervene when they were in direct danger. Only two of the 12 lizards sought shelter in the refuges provided. Of the remaining 10, six fled and four were trapped by the flames, requiring intervention. The results of these experiments, as well as field observations, suggest that C. anguina seldom makes use of shelter options other than grass and restio tufts, even when threatened by fire. In the case of fire, it flees by 'grass-swimming'. Field observations also suggest that mortality during and after a fire is considerably higher than in the case of rock-dwelling cordylids. The reproductive status of adult females (N = 85) were determined on the basis of the developmental stage of ovarian follicles and the presence or absence of oviductal eggs. Females were grouped into four reproductive categories: pre-vitellogenic, early vitellogenic, pre-ovulatory and gravid. To determine the reproductive cycle exhibited by the males (N = 46), testicular volume and seminiferous tube diameter were measured, as well as the spermatogenic activity assessed qualitatively. Spermatogenic activity was assessed by using Licht's (1967) classification system. The snout-vent length (SVL) of 144 specimens was measured. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) recorded for C. anguina was quantified by a size dimorphism index (SDI). Reproductive activity was asynchronous among females, differing from the normal cordylid cycle of autumn/winter vitello genic activity, followed by winter/spring ovulation and gestation in late summer to autumn. The significant seasonal variation that existed in testes volume (ANOVA; F (7,22) = 3.70; P < 0.05) and seminiferous tubule diameter (ANOVA; F (10,25) = 4.90; P < 0.05), as well as sermatogenic activity as observed by histological examination, indicated that C. anguina males follow an annual spermatogenic cycle that can be described as post-nuptial. The cycle is characterized by summer/autumn spermiogenesis, associated with sperm storage throughout winter. Chamaesaura anguina males differ from other cordylids following a post-nuptial cycle, by starting with spermatogenesis in spring. The mean SVL of female grass lizards (109.51 mm ± 20.60 SD) was significantly larger (Mann-Whitney; P < 0.001) than that of males (84.77 mm ± 9.39 SD). A positive SDI of 1.29 and a SDImax of lAO were determined. Female-biased dimorphism in SVL recorded for C. anguina corresponds with the general pattern recorded for terrestrial cordylids, but contrasts with male-biased dimorphism in rupicolous forms. The longer SVL of C. anguina females facilitates higher fecundity. This, in turn, might be an adaptive survival strategy for this lizard species in the fire-prone environment where it occurs, because successful recruitment is facilitated by high fecundity. KEYWORDS: Chamaesaura anguina; serpentiform body; cryptic colouration; grass/restio habitats; undulatory locomotion; foraging mode; preferred body temperature; movement patterns; microhabitat use; fire susceptibility; refuge selection; reproductive cycle; sexual size dimorphism. 4 / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die voedingswyse van Chamaesaura anguina is bepaal deur drie kriteria: 1) die getal bewegings per minuut (BPM) en die persentasie tyd wat aan beweging bestee word (PTB) tydens aktiewe periodes; 2) die hoeveelheid tongskiete wat gerig word na wattepluisies bedek met prooi chemikalieë as 'n maatstaf van prooi chemiese diskriminasie; 3) die maaginhoud van die akkedisse as 'n indikasie van hul natuurlike diëet. Waarnemings is met 'n verkyker vanaf 'n waarnemingstoring langs 'n buitemuurse kampie gemaak, terwyl dit deur 'n eenrigting glaspaneel in die geval van 'n binnemuurse opstelling gemaak is. Elke akkedis is vir 'n periode van 10 minute tydens piek-aktiwiteit dopgehou, en die tye wat dit beweeg het en nie beweeg het nie, is aangeteken. Data verkry in die binnemuurse - en buitemuurse opstellings het nie statisties van mekaar verskil nie en is saamgevoeg. BPM (0.37 ± 0.21 SD) en PTB (1.92 % ± 0.93 SD) waardes aangeteken vir C. anguina (N = 10) val binne die reeks waardes wat as kenmerkend vir sit-en-wag voeders beskou word. Nege C. anguina individue is in glas terraria gewoond gemaak om meelwurms te aanvaar wat hul aangebied is. Toe al die akkedisse die kos sonder huiwering aanvaar het, is hul vermoë getoets om tussen drie verskillende geure wat hul aangebied is in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp, te diskrimineer: prooigeur bestaande uit die reuk van meelwurms, gedistilleerde water as 'n geurlose kontrole stimulus, en reukwater as 'n skerp kontrole. Die hoeveelheid tongskiete gerig na die gegeurde wattepluisie gedurende 'n 60 s periode, is aangeteken. Geen statisties-beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die reaksies tot die drie geure nie (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 2.41, df= 2, P = 0.30). 'n Analise van die maaginhoude van 21 C. anguina individue het meestal dag-aktiewe arthropoda prooispesies onthul. Die voorkeur liggaamstemperature wat deur 12 akkedisse in 'n termiese gradiënt geselekteer is, is ses maal gemeet gedurende 'n 48 uur periode, deur van 'n termo-koppel wat in die kloaka geplaas is, gebruik te maak. Die bepaalde liggaamstemperature (N = 72) het gevariëer van 22.62 oe - 27.07 oe met 'n gemiddeld van 24.82 oe ± 2.27 SA. Die lae voorkeur liggaamstemperatuur van C. anguina mag dalk toegeskryf word aan die gekombineerde invloed van plantbedekkingskadu, hoë hoogte bo seevlak, en hoë oppervlakte-volume verhouding. Die bewegingspatrone en mikrohabitat-gebruik van C. anguina is bestudeer deur ses akkedisse in 'n buitemuurse kampie aan te hou. Die ligging van die graspolle binne die kampie is op 'n kaart aangeteken, en die posisie van elke akkedis binne in die kampie is op 17 oggende aangeteken. Verdere waarnemings is gemaak met 'n verkyker vanaf 'n waarnemingstoring terwyl die akkedisse aktief was. Alhoewel die C. anguina individue nie herhaaldelik 'n spesifieke skuilplek gebruik het nie, het hul die langer, breër graspolle as skuilplek gedurende onaktiwiteit verkies. Daar was 'n hoogs beduidende verskil tussen onderskeidelik die hoogtes (studente z-toets; P < 0.001) en die deursnitte (studente I-toets; P < 0.001) van die verkose graspolle, en die graspolle wat nie gekies is as skuilplekke nie. Hulle het gewoonlik in 'n opgerolde wyse, in die middel en na aan die bodem van die graspolle, geskuil. Daar is gevind dat C. anguina vanaf 'n verhewe posisie voed deur sy verlengde liggaam en stert in die grass te vervleg om doeltreffende gewigsverspreiding te verseker. Beweging was hoofsaaklik tot die vangaksie van prooi beperk. Vuur is 'n algemene verskynsel in fynbos en graslande, wat die hoof habitat van grasakkedisse van die genus Chamaesaura uitmaak. Met hulle slangagtige morfologie, verskil grasakkedisse drasties van ander lede van die Cordylidae, waarvan meeste rotsbewonend is. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of die grasakkedisse gebruik sal maak van skuilplekke, soos gate en klipskeure binne die grashabitat, gedurende periodes van onaktiwiteit of wanneer bedreig word deur vuur. Twaalf akkedisse is verskillende skuilopsies aangebied, naamlik graspolle, klipskeure, gate en los sand. Al twaalf het verkies om in die graspolle te skuil. Toe die graspolle verwyder is, het slegs twee akkdisse die klipskeure en die gate benut, terwyl die ander 10 nie geskuil het nie. Skuilplek-seleksie wanneer bedreig word deur vuur, is getoets deur 12 akkedisse in In afskorting te plaas wat met graspolle en twee tipes skuilplekke, gate en klipskeure, voorsien is. Die gras aan die een kant van die afskorting is aan die brand gesteek en is aangehelp m.b.v. 'n hoë-spoed waaier. Voorsorgmaatreëls om die veiligheid van al die akkedisse te verseker en om in te gryp as hulle in direkte gevaar sou verkeer, is getref. In twee van die 12 gevalle het die akkedisse skuiling gesoek in die beskikbare skuilings. In die oorblywende 10 gevalle het ses akkedisse gevlug, terwyl vier deur die vlamme vasgevang was en daar ingegryp moes word. Die resultate van hierdie eksperimente, sowel as waarnemings wat in die veld gemaak is, dui daarop dat C. anguina selde van skuilopsies, anders as graspolle en restio's, gebruik maak as hulle deur vuur bedreig word. In die geval van vuur, vlug hulle deur te "swem" deur die gras. Veldwaarnemings dui ook daarop dat mortaliteit gedurende en na die vuur heelwat hoër is as in die geval van rotsbewonende gordelakkedisse. Die reproduktiewe status van volwasse wyfies (N = 85) is bepaal deur die ontwikkelingsfase van ovarium follikels te ondersoek en deur die teenwoordigheid of afwesigheid van eiers in die oviduk. Wyfies is in vier reproduktiewe kategorieë gegroepeer: pre-vitellogenies, vroeg vitellogenies, pre-ovulatories en dragtig. Testikulêre volume en saadbuisdeursnit is gemeet, en spermatogeniese aktiwiteite soos histologies vasgestel, is gebruik om die reproduktiewe siklus van die mannetjies (N = 46) te bepaal. Spermatogeniese aktiwiteit is bepaal deur van Licht (1976) se klassifikasie sisteem gebruik te maak. Die snoet-kloaak lengte (SKL) van 144 individue is gemeet en die seksuele grootte-dimorfisme (SGD) soos bepaal vir C. anguina, is gekwantifiseer deur middel van In grootte-dimorfisme-indeks (GDI). Voortplantingsaktiwiteit in die wyfies was nie gesinchroniseerd nie, en verskil dus van die normale gordelakkedissiklus met herfs/winter vitellogeniese aktiwiteit, winter/lente ovulasie en swangerskap in die volgende laat somer tot herfs. Die beduidende seisoenale verskil wat bestaan het in die testesvolume (ANOV A; F (7.22) = 3.70; P < 0.05) en die saadbuisdeursnit (ANOVA; F (10,25) = 4.90; P < 0.05), asook testis histologie, het aangedui dat C. anguina mannetjies 'n jaarlikse spermatogeniese siklus volg, beskryf as "post-nuptial". Hierdie siklus word gekenmerk deur somer/herfs spermiogenese, geassosieer met spermstoring gedurende die winter. In teenstelling met ander gordelakkedisse wat hierdie siklus volg, begin spermatogenese in C. anguina alreeds in die lente. Die gemiddelde SVL van die wyfies (109.51 mm ± 20.60 SA) was beduidend groter (Mann-Whitney; P < 0.001) as dié van die mannetjies (84.77 mm ± 9.39 SA). In Positiewe GDI van 1.29 en In GDImax van 1.40 is gemeet. Wyfie-plus dimorfisme in SKL bepaal vir C. anguina, stem ooreen met die algemene patroon waargeneem by terrestriële gordelakkedisse, maar is in kontras met mannetjie-plus dimorfisme by rotsbewonende vorme. Die langer SKL by wyfies van C. anguina kan In hoër fekunditeit fasiliteer. Dit mag dalk In oorlewingstrategie vir die species wees wat in In vuurgeteisterde omgewing voorkom, omdat suksesvolle rekolonisering deur In hoë fekunditeit aangehelp word. TREFWOORDE: Chamaesaura anguina, slangagtige liggaam; kriptiese kleuring; graslrestio habitatte; kronkel beweging; voedingsrnetode; voorkeurtemperatuur; bewegingspatrone; mikrohabitat-gebruik; vatbaarheid vir vuur; skuilplekseleksie; voortplantingsiklus; seksuele dimorfisme.