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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Pathophysiology of Abroviral Encephalitides in Laboratory Rodents

Olsen, Aaron L 01 May 2008 (has links)
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arboviral pathogen naturally found in North America. The primary disease phenotype associated with WEEV infection in susceptible hosts is a relatively long prodromal period followed by viral encephalitis. By contrast, in the current work, experimental inoculation of WEEV into the peritoneum of Syrian golden hamsters produced rapid death within approximately 96 h. It was determined that direct virus killing of lymphoid cells leads to death in WEEV-infected Syrian golden hamsters, and that inflammatory cytokines have the potential to enhance virus-induced lymphoid cell destruction. It was further concluded that WEEV retains its ability to cause encephalitis in Syrian golden hamsters, if hamsters survive the early stages of virus infection or if virus is introduced directly into the CNS. Death in WEEV-infected hamsters is associated with lymphonecrotic lesions in the absence of pathological lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). Few clinical parameters were altered by WEEV infection, with the exception of circulating lymphocyte numbers. Circulating lymphocyte numbers decreased dramatically during WEEV infection, and lymphopenia was identified as a consistent indicator of eventual death. Virus infection also increased serum concentrations of the cytokines interferon and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Hamster peritoneal macrophages exposed to WEEV expressed TNF-alpha in a dose-responsive manner. Macrophage expression of TNF-alpha could be significantly inhibited by treatment of cells with anti-inflammatory agents flunixin meglumine (FM) or dexamethasone (Dex). Anti-inflammatory treatment also protected macrophages from cytotoxicity associated with exposure to WEEV. Treatment of WEEV-infected hamsters with either FM or Dex significantly improved survival compared to placebo-treated controls. WEEV induced cytotoxicity in hamster splenocytes exposed to WEEV in a virus dose-responsive manner. Supernatant from WEEV-exposed macrophages significantly enhanced WEEV killing of splenocytes. Hamsters that survived the early stages of WEEV infection occasionally developed signs of neurological disease and died approximately 6 to 9 d after virus inoculation. These animals had histopathological lesions in the CNS consistent with alphavirus-induced encephalitis. Inoculation of WEEV directly into the CNS caused apparent encephalitic disease. Death following CNS inoculation of WEEV was rapid and concurrent with histopathological lesions in the CNS similar to lesions seen in encephalitic hamsters following peripheral inoculation.
2

Inquérito soroepidemiológico dos vírus das encefalites equinas do leste e do oeste em população de área sob influência do lago da hidrelétrica de Tucuruí - Pará

Gonçalves, Alex George de Oliveira 28 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX_GONCALVES.pdf: 1200334 bytes, checksum: d88f52a9c61abd36247626ef3528ba98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The EEEV and WEEV are Arboviruses of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, which measure 60-70 nm in diameter and is composed of transmembrane glycoproteins E1 and E2, the capsid protein or the nucleocapsid, which is derived from the lipid bilayer of the host, and a single molecule single-stranded RNA and positive polarity. They are transmitted by mosquitoes, primarily Culex, Aedes, whose natural reservoir of birds and humans as accidental hosts, horses and other small mammals. Infected individuals are asymptomatic or develop flu-like illness that may progress to severe neurological disease with a prevalence in humans in North America and horses across America. The fatality rate for EEE in humans is 30% and 40% for WEE is 10%. The study was observational, cross-sectional analytical study carried out in individuals of both sex, aged over 18, resident of the lake Tucuruí power plant and from the RDS and Alcobaça Pucurui-Ararão. The collection of blood samples and filling in the questionnaire were performed at two different times, in September/2008 and March/2009. All samples were analyzed by the Evandro Chagas Institute where they were tested with hemagglutination inhibition for detection of antibodies against 19 types of Arboviruses. Data analysis was descriptive and analytical, and used the chi-square or Fisher exact test to verify the statistical significance of associations between variables of the study with an alpha level of 0,05. Altogether 365 samples were analyzed, which showed 1.1% positive for EEE and 1.6% for WEE. Most positive cases had poor sanitary conditions (100% for EEA and 83.3% for WEE) using cesspits (75% to 100% for EEE and WEE) and water from rivers and / or lakes ( 100% to 83.3% for EEE and WEE). The positive cases for EEE and WEE were related to other Arboviruses, where 100% of EEE and WEE were positive for HI-Flavivirus, 25% for EEE virus Maguari, HI-Mayaro and HI-Oropouche and 33.3 % of WEE to HI-Mayaro and 16.7% for the virus Guaroa. The study confirmed the presence of EEE virus and WEE in the region and some socio-environmental factors such as use of cesspits and poor sanitation conditions, conducive to public exposure to vectors and raised the possibility of cross protection with other alphaviruses. / O EEEV e o WEEV são Arbovírus da família Togaviridae, gênero Alphavirus, que medem 60 a 70 nm de diâmetro e é composto por glicoproteínas transmembrana E1 e E2, o capsídio ou proteína do nucleocapsídio, que deriva da bicamada lipídica do hospedeiro, e uma única molécula de RNA de fita única e de polaridade positiva. São transmitidos por mosquitos, principalmente Culex e Aedes, tendo como reservatório natural os pássaros e como hospedeiros acidentais os humanos, equinos e outros pequenos mamíferos. Os indivíduos infectados são assintomáticos ou desenvolvem síndrome gripal que podem evoluir para doença neurológica graves com predominância em humanos na América do Norte e em equinos em toda América. A taxa de letalidade em humanos para EEE é de 30% a 40% e para WEE é de 10%. O estudo foi observacional do tipo transversal analítico, realizado em indivíduos de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, residentes do lago UHE de Tucuruí e proveniente das RDS de Alcobaça e Pucuruí-Ararão. A coleta das amostras de sangue e o preenchimento do questionário foram realizados em dois momentos distintos, em setembro/2008 e março/2009. Todas as amostras foram analisadas pelo Instituto Evandro Chagas onde foram submetidas ao teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra 19 tipos de Arbovírus. A análise dos dados foi descritiva e analítica, sendo empregado o teste qui-quadrado e/ou exato de Fisher a fim de verificar a significância das associações estatísticas entre as variáveis do estudo com um nível alfa de 0,05. Ao todo foram analisadas 365 amostras, que mostraram positividade de 1,1% para EEE e de 1,6% para WEE. A maioria dos casos positivos tinha condições de saneamento ruim (100% para EEE e 83,3% para WEE), com uso fossa negra (75% para EEE e 100% para WEE) e abastecimento de água de rios e/ou lagos (100% para EEE e 83,3% para WEE). Os casos positivos para EEE e WEE tiveram relação com outros Arbovírus, sendo que 100% de EEE e WEE eram positivos para HI-Flavivírus, 25% de EEE para o vírus Maguari, HI-Mayaro e HI-Oropouche e 33,3% de WEE para HI-Mayaro e 16,7% para o vírus Guaroa. O estudo confirmou a presença dos vírus da EEE e WEE na região e que alguns fatores sócio-ambientais, como uso de fossa negra e condições de saneamento ruins, favorecem a exposição da população aos vetores e levantou a hipótese de proteção cruzada com outros Alphavírus.
3

Diagnóstico da raiva e das encefalites equinas do Leste e Oeste em equídeos pelo emprego da técnica de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR / Diagnosis of rabies and Eastern and Western Equine Viral Encephalitides in equids by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR technique

Iamamoto, Keila 10 October 2011 (has links)
Várias zoonoses virais acometem equídeos causando quadros neurológicos, entre as quais a raiva e as encefalites equinas do Leste (EEE) e Oeste (WEE). O diagnóstico clínico geralmente não é conclusivo, o que torna imprescindível o diagnóstico laboratorial. Dados do Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Raiva do Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo, entre os anos 2000 e 2010, mostram que aproximadamente 75% das amostras enviadas foram negativas para raiva, ressaltando a relevância da realização de um diagnóstico diferencial para as encefalites equinas causadas por alfavírus. Os objetivos do estudo foram testar a adequação do uso de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR para o diagnóstico de raiva, EEE e WEE em amostras de sistema nervoso central de equídeos e realizar uma análise de custo das reações de cada técnica. Foram utilizados os primers 21G, 304 e 504 dirigidos ao gene N do vírus da raiva, e os primers cM3W, M2W, nEEE e nWEE dirigidos ao gene NSP1 dos vírus da EEE e WEE. Procedeu-se a um estudo preliminar dos primers e de seu uso em uma hemi-nested RT-PCR, avaliando a temperatura ótima de anelamento, a sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e a reprodutibilidade da técnica em amostras de campo positivas para raiva e para EEE. A partir do protocolo estabelecido na reação de hemi-nested RT-PCR, realizaram-se variações de concentração de reagentes no protocolo para a reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Após o estabelecimento do protocolo para esta reação, os mesmos testes para verificação da sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e da reprodutibilidade foram realizados, comparando-se os resultados com os obtidos pela hemi-nested RT-PCR. No teste de limiar de detecção, a sensibilidade analítica foi semelhante para as duas técnicas, obtendo-se 10&#45;1,7 para os três vírus padrão CVS, EEEV e WEEV. No teste de limiar de detecção utilizando uma amostra com os três vírus verificou-se uma alta especificidade dos primers, sendo que na reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR foi possível detectar simultaneamente os três vírus padrão. Não houve diferença nas proporções de amostras detectadas como positivas para raiva obtidas pelas duas técnicas, analisando-se pelo teste exato de Fisher (P=1,0000). No entando, para amostras de campo positivas para EEE, a proporção de amostras detectadas como positivas pela hemi-nested RT-PCR foi maior do que a proporção obtida pela multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR (P<0,0001). Apesar de não ter sido possível o uso de amostras de campo positivas para WEE nesse estudo, os resultados sugerem que seria possível a detecção pela multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Estes dados sugerem que a técnica de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR poderia ser aplicada para detecção de raiva e WEE, mas com limitações para a detecção de EEE. Pela análise de custo dos reagentes, o valor de uma reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR é semelhante ao de uma hemi-nested RT-PCR, podendo representar uma economia de pelo menos 49,17%. / Several viral zoonoses affect the equids causing neurological diseases, including rabies and Eastern and Western equine encephalitides (EEE and WEE). Clinical diagnosis is often not conclusive, in a way that laboratory diagnosis is essential. Data from the Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis at the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, between 2000 and 2010, demonstrate that approximately 75% of submitted equid samples were negative for rabies, emphasizing the importance of achieving a differential diagnosis for equine encephalitis caused by alphaviruses. The aims of this study were to test the suitability of using multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR for the diagnosis of rabies, EEE and WEE in equids central nervous system samples and to perform a cost analysis of the reactions of each technique. We used the primers 21G, 304 and 504 directed to the N gene of rabies virus, and the primers cM3W, M2W, nEEE and nWEE directed the NSP1 gene of WEE and EEE viruses. A preliminary study of the primers was carried out, as well as their use in a hemi-nested RT-PCR, evaluating the optimal annealing temperature, the analytical sensitivity and specificity and the reproducibility of the technique in positive field samples for rabies and EEE. From the protocol established for the hemi-nested RT-PCR, variations in reagents concentrations for the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR protocol were perfomed. After establishing the protocol for this reaction, the same tests to verify the analytical sensitivity and specificity and reproducibility were performed and the results compared to those obtained by hemi-nested RT-PCR. In the detection threshold test, the analytical sensitivity was similar for both techniques, resulting in 10&#45;1.7 for the three virus standard CVS, and EEEV WEEV. In the detection threshold test using a sample with the three viruses, a high specificity of the primers was verified and the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR was able to detect the three viruses simultaneously. There was no difference in the proportions of samples detected as positive for rabies obtained by both techniques, according to the Fisher exact test (P = 1.0000). However, for EEE positive field samples, the proportion of samples detected as positive by the hemi-nested RT-PCR was higher than the proportion obtained by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR (P <0.0001). Although it was not possible to use WEE positive field samples in this study, the results suggest that its detection would be possible by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Thus, data suggest that the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR technique could be applied to detect rabies and WEE, but with limitations for the EEE detection. For the analysis of reagent costs, the cost of one multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR is similar to one hemi-nested RT-PCR, and may represent a saving of 49,17% at least.
4

Diagnóstico da raiva e das encefalites equinas do Leste e Oeste em equídeos pelo emprego da técnica de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR / Diagnosis of rabies and Eastern and Western Equine Viral Encephalitides in equids by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR technique

Keila Iamamoto 10 October 2011 (has links)
Várias zoonoses virais acometem equídeos causando quadros neurológicos, entre as quais a raiva e as encefalites equinas do Leste (EEE) e Oeste (WEE). O diagnóstico clínico geralmente não é conclusivo, o que torna imprescindível o diagnóstico laboratorial. Dados do Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Raiva do Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo, entre os anos 2000 e 2010, mostram que aproximadamente 75% das amostras enviadas foram negativas para raiva, ressaltando a relevância da realização de um diagnóstico diferencial para as encefalites equinas causadas por alfavírus. Os objetivos do estudo foram testar a adequação do uso de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR para o diagnóstico de raiva, EEE e WEE em amostras de sistema nervoso central de equídeos e realizar uma análise de custo das reações de cada técnica. Foram utilizados os primers 21G, 304 e 504 dirigidos ao gene N do vírus da raiva, e os primers cM3W, M2W, nEEE e nWEE dirigidos ao gene NSP1 dos vírus da EEE e WEE. Procedeu-se a um estudo preliminar dos primers e de seu uso em uma hemi-nested RT-PCR, avaliando a temperatura ótima de anelamento, a sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e a reprodutibilidade da técnica em amostras de campo positivas para raiva e para EEE. A partir do protocolo estabelecido na reação de hemi-nested RT-PCR, realizaram-se variações de concentração de reagentes no protocolo para a reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Após o estabelecimento do protocolo para esta reação, os mesmos testes para verificação da sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e da reprodutibilidade foram realizados, comparando-se os resultados com os obtidos pela hemi-nested RT-PCR. No teste de limiar de detecção, a sensibilidade analítica foi semelhante para as duas técnicas, obtendo-se 10&#45;1,7 para os três vírus padrão CVS, EEEV e WEEV. No teste de limiar de detecção utilizando uma amostra com os três vírus verificou-se uma alta especificidade dos primers, sendo que na reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR foi possível detectar simultaneamente os três vírus padrão. Não houve diferença nas proporções de amostras detectadas como positivas para raiva obtidas pelas duas técnicas, analisando-se pelo teste exato de Fisher (P=1,0000). No entando, para amostras de campo positivas para EEE, a proporção de amostras detectadas como positivas pela hemi-nested RT-PCR foi maior do que a proporção obtida pela multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR (P<0,0001). Apesar de não ter sido possível o uso de amostras de campo positivas para WEE nesse estudo, os resultados sugerem que seria possível a detecção pela multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Estes dados sugerem que a técnica de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR poderia ser aplicada para detecção de raiva e WEE, mas com limitações para a detecção de EEE. Pela análise de custo dos reagentes, o valor de uma reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR é semelhante ao de uma hemi-nested RT-PCR, podendo representar uma economia de pelo menos 49,17%. / Several viral zoonoses affect the equids causing neurological diseases, including rabies and Eastern and Western equine encephalitides (EEE and WEE). Clinical diagnosis is often not conclusive, in a way that laboratory diagnosis is essential. Data from the Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis at the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, between 2000 and 2010, demonstrate that approximately 75% of submitted equid samples were negative for rabies, emphasizing the importance of achieving a differential diagnosis for equine encephalitis caused by alphaviruses. The aims of this study were to test the suitability of using multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR for the diagnosis of rabies, EEE and WEE in equids central nervous system samples and to perform a cost analysis of the reactions of each technique. We used the primers 21G, 304 and 504 directed to the N gene of rabies virus, and the primers cM3W, M2W, nEEE and nWEE directed the NSP1 gene of WEE and EEE viruses. A preliminary study of the primers was carried out, as well as their use in a hemi-nested RT-PCR, evaluating the optimal annealing temperature, the analytical sensitivity and specificity and the reproducibility of the technique in positive field samples for rabies and EEE. From the protocol established for the hemi-nested RT-PCR, variations in reagents concentrations for the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR protocol were perfomed. After establishing the protocol for this reaction, the same tests to verify the analytical sensitivity and specificity and reproducibility were performed and the results compared to those obtained by hemi-nested RT-PCR. In the detection threshold test, the analytical sensitivity was similar for both techniques, resulting in 10&#45;1.7 for the three virus standard CVS, and EEEV WEEV. In the detection threshold test using a sample with the three viruses, a high specificity of the primers was verified and the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR was able to detect the three viruses simultaneously. There was no difference in the proportions of samples detected as positive for rabies obtained by both techniques, according to the Fisher exact test (P = 1.0000). However, for EEE positive field samples, the proportion of samples detected as positive by the hemi-nested RT-PCR was higher than the proportion obtained by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR (P <0.0001). Although it was not possible to use WEE positive field samples in this study, the results suggest that its detection would be possible by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Thus, data suggest that the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR technique could be applied to detect rabies and WEE, but with limitations for the EEE detection. For the analysis of reagent costs, the cost of one multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR is similar to one hemi-nested RT-PCR, and may represent a saving of 49,17% at least.

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