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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Implications of Magma and Bedrock Interaction, a Study of Xenopumice from La Palma, the Canary Islands / Följder av interaktion mellan magma och berggrund, en studie av felsiska xenoliter från La Palma, Kanarieöarna

Jägerup, Beatrice January 2019 (has links)
This thesis focuses on frothy, felsic xenoliths called ‘xenopumice’, that were retrieved from La Palma during a 10–day field campaign in December 2018. There are only few descriptions of these frothty xenoliths, and a consensus on their origin has not yet been achieved. Furthermore, the xenopumice–bearing vents of the pre–historic eruption of Las Indias and the 1949 eruption of Cumbre Vieja have experienced explosive phreatomagmatism, implying a possible connection between the presence of xenopumice and high–energy volcanism. The sampled suite consists of 18 xenopumice specimens and one ash sample from Las Indias, 11 xenoliths and one ash sample from the 1949 eruption, as well as 8 samples of phonolitic xenoliths and one lava sample from the 1585 Jedey eruption. The mineralogy, textural features, elemental composition, and oxygen isotopes show discrepancy between the sampled xenopumices. The samples from Las Indias and two samples from the 1949 eruption are quartz bearing. These samples have furthermore a high silica content (64 to 74 SiO2 wt. %) and high oxygen isotope ratios of 11.1 to 18.3 ‰, coinciding with typical values of sedimentary rock. The remaining samples from the 1949 eruption comprise mainly feldspars, with some samples showing 120° triple junction grain boundaries. These samples have SiO2 concentrations from 50 to 64 wt. %, and oxygen isotope ratios that range from 3.4 to 11.7 ‰, which compare more closely with magmatic rather than with sedimentary protoliths. REE distribution trends display a similar compositional spectrum for all quartz bearing xenopumice samples, which are similar to average the REE content of continental crust. From these results it is proposed that the quartz bearing xenopumice are of sedimentary origin, while the feldspar–rich samples are primarily igneous rocks associated with the formation of La Palma. The frothy texture of the investigated xenopumice implies substantial degassing and expansion in the magmatic conduit of ca. 13 to 34 %. Such intense gas release may have profound effects on the eruptive mechanisms and styles, as it might increase the risk of explosive activity. For future risk assessment on La Palma and the other Canary Islands it is thus important to understand magma storage and potential interaction with surrounding bedrock, as this can cause an otherwise calm, mafic eruption to become explosive in nature. / La Palma är en c. 2 miljoner år gammal vulkanö som tillhör ökedjan Kanarieöarna. Den här studien fokuserar på felsiska, pimpstensliknande xenoliter som hämtats från La Palma. Xenolit betyder främmande sten, vilket innebär att de inte formats på samma sätt som lavan som burit dem till ytan. Hur de felsiska xenoliterna från La Palma formats och vart de kommer från, är frågor som inte besvarats förut. Förekomsten av felsiska xenoliter kan dessutom kopplas samman med utbrott av explosiv karaktär. La Palma har generellt inte explosiv vulkanism, så därför är denna koppling mycket intressant. Projektets syfte är därmed att avgöra vart xenoliterna kommer ifrån, hur de kan ha påverkat utbrottet, och om det finns en koppling mellan explosiva utbrott och formationen av felsiska xenoliter. Från analyser av xenoliternas mineralogi och kemiska sammansättning, är det tydligt att inte alla xenoliter har samma ursprung. Vissa består främst av fältspater, och har en kemisk sammansättning som mer liknar magmatisk sten. De andra proverna innehåller kvarts och har höga syreisotopvärden, vilket indikerar ett sedimentärt ursprung, då kvarts primärt inte formas genom magmatiska processer på Kanarieöarna. Den pimpstensliknande texturen hos både magmatiska och sedimentära xenoliter, indikerar att gas har bildats när xenoliterna togs upp av magman. En sådan gasbildning kan kraftigt öka trycket i magmakammaren och orsaka explosiva utbrott, vilket tyder på att förekomsten av de pimpstensliknande xenoliterna från La Palma kan ha påverkat det resulterande utbrottet. För att i framtiden bättre kunna avgöra den potentiella risken som ett utbrott utgör, måste interaktionen mellan kringliggande berg och magma studeras noggrannare.
2

Caracterização geocronológica (U-Pb), geoquímica e isotópica (Sr, Nd, Hf) do complexo Rio Capivari no terreno Embu / not available

Maurer, Victor Câmara 28 March 2016 (has links)
O Complexo Rio Capivari (CRC) é constituído por ortognaisses migmatíticos de composições graníticas a tonalíticas e anfibolitos subordinados (magmas toleíticos) em lascas tectônicas no Terreno Embu. As composições dos gnaisses do CRC são predominantemente cálcio-alcalinas a álcali-cálcicas. Idades U-Pb em núcleos de zircão com zoneamento oscilatório indicam cristalização magmática dos protólitos em três períodos principais 2.4, 2.2-2.1 e 2.0 Ga. Idades metamórficas foram reconhecidas em bordas de zircão totalmente escuras nas imagens de catodoluminescência e variam entre 620-590 Ma. A suíte sideriana (2.4 Ga) apresenta caráter juvenil, como evidenciado pelos valores positivos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd\' (+3.8) e \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf\' (+0.3 a +4.8) e pela ausência de núcleos de zircão herdado, comumente encontrados em rochas que sofreram retrabalhamento crustal. A suíte de idades riacianas (2.2-2.1 Ga) apresenta idades modelos TDM arqueanas (2.6-3.3 Ga), valores negativos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd\' (-12.0 a -4.0) e negativos a levemente positivos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf\' (-7.8 a +0.5). Portanto, tais rochas derivam de retrabalhamento de reservatórios crustais antigos. A suíte de idade orosiriana (2.0 Ga) apresenta fontes mais antigas e retrabalhadas com valores altamente negativos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd\' (-10.4) e \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf\' (-1.2 a -13.6), sugerindo prolongada residência crustal com idades modelo \'T IND.DM\' e \'T IND.Hf\' >3.3 Ga. As assinaturas de elementos traços em rocha total e a química de zircão sugerem fontes máficas para o gnaisse sideriano. Reservatórios de crosta média, mas de profundidades variáveis, parecem ser a principal fonte dos gnaisses riacianos e orosirianos. Análises em diagramas tectônicos discriminantes baseados em elementos traços de rocha total com elevadas razões \'La/Yb IND.(N)\' (>10), Nb/Yb (>2) e Th/Yb (>1), somados aos valores de \'Y IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' (<3000 ppm), U/Yb (>0.5) e Nb/Yb (0.01-0.10) da química de zircão, sugerem que ambas as suítes de idades foram geradas em ambientes de arco magmático continental, mas com um gap de 200-300 Ma entre o gnaisse sideriano e os gnaisses riacianos sem dados ou informações geológicas. Perfis multielementos (elementos traços) comparativos entre representação de amostras típicas de arco continental associado à subducção de crosta oceânica (margem andina) e amostras de arcos de ilha (Ilhas Mariana) confirmam afinidade com ambiente de arco continental para o CRC, associado à subducção de placa oceânica, principalmente para o gnaisse sideriano. Apesar de pouco representativo, devido ao número de amostras (n=1), uma acresção juvenil em 2.4 Ga colabora para uma dinâmica contínua da evolução da crosta continental. O papel desempenhado pelo CRC na evolução geral do Terreno Embu permanece enigmático. Os dados isotópicos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' e \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr IND.(i)\' do CRC (-27.3 a -19.7 e 0.704 a 0.722, respectivamente) indicam evolução temporal não compatível com o requerido para as fontes dos granitos ediacaranos do Terreno Embu, que exigem a participação de reservatórios mais primitivos (\'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' -13 a -7) e empobrecidos em Rb (\'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr IND.(i)\' \'\'QUASE IGUAL A\' 0,710). / The Rio Capivari Complex (RCC) comprises migmatitic orthogneisses with granitic to tonalitic compositions and subordinate amphibolites (tholeiitic magmas), that occur in tectonics contacts within the Embu Terrane. The RCC orthogneisses are predominantly calc-alkaline to alkali-calcic. U-Pb zircon ages obtained on oscillatory zoned zircon cores indicate protolith magmatic crystallization into three main periods 2.4, 2.2-2.1 and 2.0 Ga. CL-dark zircon rims yield dates between 620-590 Ma, interpreted as metamorphic overprinting. The Siderian suite (2.4 Ga) show juvenile character, as evidenced by positive \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(t)\' (+3.8) and \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf(t)\' (+0.3 to +4.8) values and absence of inherited zircon grains, commonly found in reworking crustal rocks. The Rhyacian suite (2.2-2.1 Ga) has Archean model ages (\'T IND.DM\' = 2.6-3.3 Ga), negative values of \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(t)\' (-12.0 to -4.0) and negative to slightly positive \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf(t)\' values (-7.8 to +0.5). Therefore, such rocks most likely derived from reworking of older crustal reservoirs. The Orosirian suite (2.0 Ga) has even older sources with strongly negative \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(t)\' (-10.4) and \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf(t)\' (-1.2 to -13.6) suggesting prolonged crustal residence time with \'T IND.DM\' and \'T IND.HF\' > 3.3 Ga. Whole-rock trace element and zircon chemistry indicate mafic sources for the Siderian suite. Middle crust reservoirs, at varying depths, appear to be the main source of the Rhyacian and Orosirian suites. According to analysis in discriminating tectonic diagrams the whole rock trace elements with high ratios \'La/Yb IND.(N)\' (> 10), Nb/Yb (> 2) and Th/Yb (> 1), added to the amounts of \'Y IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' (<3,000 ppm), U/Yb (> 0.5) and Nb/Yb (0.01 to 0.10) from zircon chemistry, suggest that all three suites were generated on continental magmatic arc environments, but with a gap of 200-300 Ma between the Siderian suite and the Rhyacian and Orosirian suites without data or geological information. Comparative multi-elements profiles (trace elements) between representation of typical continental arc samples associated with the oceanic crust subduction (Andean margin) and samples of island arcs (Mariana Islands) confirm affinity with continental arc environment for the RCC, associated with subduction oceanic plate, mainly for the Siderian suite. In spite of the small dataset, the results of this study indicate a juvenile accretion at 2.4 Ga, what suggests a continuous dynamic of continental crust evolution. The RCC role on the tectonic evolution of the Embu terrane remains enigmatic. The isotopic data \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr(i)\' of the RCC (-27.3 to -19.7 and 0.704-0.722, respectively) indicate an evolution not compatible with the sources for the Ediacaran granites of the Embu Terrane, requiring the participation of more primitive reservoirs (\'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' -13 to -7) (ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr(i)\'\'QUASE IGUAL A\' 0.710).
3

Caracterização geocronológica (U-Pb), geoquímica e isotópica (Sr, Nd, Hf) do complexo Rio Capivari no terreno Embu / not available

Victor Câmara Maurer 28 March 2016 (has links)
O Complexo Rio Capivari (CRC) é constituído por ortognaisses migmatíticos de composições graníticas a tonalíticas e anfibolitos subordinados (magmas toleíticos) em lascas tectônicas no Terreno Embu. As composições dos gnaisses do CRC são predominantemente cálcio-alcalinas a álcali-cálcicas. Idades U-Pb em núcleos de zircão com zoneamento oscilatório indicam cristalização magmática dos protólitos em três períodos principais 2.4, 2.2-2.1 e 2.0 Ga. Idades metamórficas foram reconhecidas em bordas de zircão totalmente escuras nas imagens de catodoluminescência e variam entre 620-590 Ma. A suíte sideriana (2.4 Ga) apresenta caráter juvenil, como evidenciado pelos valores positivos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd\' (+3.8) e \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf\' (+0.3 a +4.8) e pela ausência de núcleos de zircão herdado, comumente encontrados em rochas que sofreram retrabalhamento crustal. A suíte de idades riacianas (2.2-2.1 Ga) apresenta idades modelos TDM arqueanas (2.6-3.3 Ga), valores negativos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd\' (-12.0 a -4.0) e negativos a levemente positivos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf\' (-7.8 a +0.5). Portanto, tais rochas derivam de retrabalhamento de reservatórios crustais antigos. A suíte de idade orosiriana (2.0 Ga) apresenta fontes mais antigas e retrabalhadas com valores altamente negativos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd\' (-10.4) e \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf\' (-1.2 a -13.6), sugerindo prolongada residência crustal com idades modelo \'T IND.DM\' e \'T IND.Hf\' >3.3 Ga. As assinaturas de elementos traços em rocha total e a química de zircão sugerem fontes máficas para o gnaisse sideriano. Reservatórios de crosta média, mas de profundidades variáveis, parecem ser a principal fonte dos gnaisses riacianos e orosirianos. Análises em diagramas tectônicos discriminantes baseados em elementos traços de rocha total com elevadas razões \'La/Yb IND.(N)\' (>10), Nb/Yb (>2) e Th/Yb (>1), somados aos valores de \'Y IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' (<3000 ppm), U/Yb (>0.5) e Nb/Yb (0.01-0.10) da química de zircão, sugerem que ambas as suítes de idades foram geradas em ambientes de arco magmático continental, mas com um gap de 200-300 Ma entre o gnaisse sideriano e os gnaisses riacianos sem dados ou informações geológicas. Perfis multielementos (elementos traços) comparativos entre representação de amostras típicas de arco continental associado à subducção de crosta oceânica (margem andina) e amostras de arcos de ilha (Ilhas Mariana) confirmam afinidade com ambiente de arco continental para o CRC, associado à subducção de placa oceânica, principalmente para o gnaisse sideriano. Apesar de pouco representativo, devido ao número de amostras (n=1), uma acresção juvenil em 2.4 Ga colabora para uma dinâmica contínua da evolução da crosta continental. O papel desempenhado pelo CRC na evolução geral do Terreno Embu permanece enigmático. Os dados isotópicos de \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' e \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr IND.(i)\' do CRC (-27.3 a -19.7 e 0.704 a 0.722, respectivamente) indicam evolução temporal não compatível com o requerido para as fontes dos granitos ediacaranos do Terreno Embu, que exigem a participação de reservatórios mais primitivos (\'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' -13 a -7) e empobrecidos em Rb (\'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr IND.(i)\' \'\'QUASE IGUAL A\' 0,710). / The Rio Capivari Complex (RCC) comprises migmatitic orthogneisses with granitic to tonalitic compositions and subordinate amphibolites (tholeiitic magmas), that occur in tectonics contacts within the Embu Terrane. The RCC orthogneisses are predominantly calc-alkaline to alkali-calcic. U-Pb zircon ages obtained on oscillatory zoned zircon cores indicate protolith magmatic crystallization into three main periods 2.4, 2.2-2.1 and 2.0 Ga. CL-dark zircon rims yield dates between 620-590 Ma, interpreted as metamorphic overprinting. The Siderian suite (2.4 Ga) show juvenile character, as evidenced by positive \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(t)\' (+3.8) and \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf(t)\' (+0.3 to +4.8) values and absence of inherited zircon grains, commonly found in reworking crustal rocks. The Rhyacian suite (2.2-2.1 Ga) has Archean model ages (\'T IND.DM\' = 2.6-3.3 Ga), negative values of \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(t)\' (-12.0 to -4.0) and negative to slightly positive \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf(t)\' values (-7.8 to +0.5). Therefore, such rocks most likely derived from reworking of older crustal reservoirs. The Orosirian suite (2.0 Ga) has even older sources with strongly negative \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(t)\' (-10.4) and \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Hf(t)\' (-1.2 to -13.6) suggesting prolonged crustal residence time with \'T IND.DM\' and \'T IND.HF\' > 3.3 Ga. Whole-rock trace element and zircon chemistry indicate mafic sources for the Siderian suite. Middle crust reservoirs, at varying depths, appear to be the main source of the Rhyacian and Orosirian suites. According to analysis in discriminating tectonic diagrams the whole rock trace elements with high ratios \'La/Yb IND.(N)\' (> 10), Nb/Yb (> 2) and Th/Yb (> 1), added to the amounts of \'Y IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' (<3,000 ppm), U/Yb (> 0.5) and Nb/Yb (0.01 to 0.10) from zircon chemistry, suggest that all three suites were generated on continental magmatic arc environments, but with a gap of 200-300 Ma between the Siderian suite and the Rhyacian and Orosirian suites without data or geological information. Comparative multi-elements profiles (trace elements) between representation of typical continental arc samples associated with the oceanic crust subduction (Andean margin) and samples of island arcs (Mariana Islands) confirm affinity with continental arc environment for the RCC, associated with subduction oceanic plate, mainly for the Siderian suite. In spite of the small dataset, the results of this study indicate a juvenile accretion at 2.4 Ga, what suggests a continuous dynamic of continental crust evolution. The RCC role on the tectonic evolution of the Embu terrane remains enigmatic. The isotopic data \'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr(i)\' of the RCC (-27.3 to -19.7 and 0.704-0.722, respectively) indicate an evolution not compatible with the sources for the Ediacaran granites of the Embu Terrane, requiring the participation of more primitive reservoirs (\'\'épsilon\'\'IND.Nd(590)\' -13 to -7) (ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.88 Sr(i)\'\'QUASE IGUAL A\' 0.710).
4

The sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation, South Pass, Wyoming

McHugh, Luke P Unknown Date
No description available.

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