Les activités de transport de passagers et de marchandises augmentent sans cesse dans le monde et en particulier dans l'Union Européenne, entre autres au bord des péages. Afin d'améliorer la fluidité et réduire les risques d‘encombrements, une des solutions consiste à rendre les péages plus performants. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la performance des systèmes d'identification de véhicules et de contribuer à la conception d'un système de classification des types de véhicules par ondes électromagnétiques pour application au télépéage. Ce système permet un paiement automatique sans arrêt des véhicules. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude de deux systèmes d'identification de véhicules : RFID UHF et DSRC. Notre recherche s'est focalisée sur l'augmentation de la distance de communication ainsi que sur la réduction de la taille et du prix du système grâce à 5 nouvelles antennes à bas coûts, très directives et faciles à industrialiser. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude d'un système de classification à distance des différents types de véhicules, basé sur les ondes diffusées par les véhicules. Il détecte la présence d'un véhicule et mesure la distance entre ce véhicule et le système avec une bonne précision. Ce système est basé sur la technique de radar Ultra-Large-Bande. Le signal émis est une impulsion monocyle de très courte durée. Dans cette partie, nous proposons et testons trois méthodes de classification de véhicules dans un environnement proche du milieu routier. / The activities of passenger and goods transport are constantly increasing worldwide and especially in the European Union, including the edge of tolls. To improve the fluidity and reduce the risk of congestion, one of the solutions is automatic toll payments. The objective of this thesis is to enhance the performance of vehicle identification systems and to contribute to develop a design of a classification vehicles system by using electromagnetic waves for free-flow electronic toll collection system application. This system allows an automatic payment without stopping vehicles. The first part of this thesis deals with the study of two vehicle identification systems: UHF RFID and DSRC. Five new antennas were realized with the purpose to increase the communication range as well as to reduce the size and cost of the system. They are high gain and easy to be industrialized. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of a classification of different types of vehicles from the scattered waves captured by the system. Three methods of vehicle classification are proposed and tested in the road environment. Such system detects the presence of vehicle and measures the distance between vehicle and itself with a good accuracy. The principle of the system is based on Ultra-Wideband radar technology in which transmitting signal with a very short duration pulse is used.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a geração de pulsos de microondas linearmente e não-linearmente modulados em frequência (LFM e NLFM) através da técnica fotônica de auto-heterodinagem. Ao utilizar eletrônica de baixa frequência para modular um diodo laser de feedback distribuído, a variação da portadora óptica no tempo (chirp) é observada, o que é causado predominantemente por efeito térmico. Este efeito, combinado com batimento auto-heteródino, foi capaz de produzir pulsos LFM com alto produto largura de banda-tempo (TBWP). Uma outra abordagem é necessária para geração de pulsos NLFM. Primeiro, é introduzida a técnica Espectroscopia Óptica Resolvida no Tempo para caracterização do chirp de um diodo laser. Em seguida, um estímulo de corrente em formato de função degrau é aplicado ao diodo laser para aquisição da função de transferência de seu chirp, H(s). Com a posse de H(s), uma simulação numérica foi usada para descobrir o estímulo necessário de corrente i(t) para obtenção de pulsos de microondas NLFM através da técnica de auto-heterodinagem. Os resultados experimentais coincidem com a simulação. / [en] This work reports the photonic generation of both linear and non-linear frequency modulation (LFM and NLFM) microwave pulses through a self-heterodyne scheme. By using low-frequency electronics to drive a distributed feedback laser diode, optical chirping is generated predominantly by thermal effect. Combining laser chirping and self-heterodyning, LFM pulses with high time-bandwidth product (TBWP) were achieved. A different approach is required for generation of NLFM microwave pulses. First, for characterization of the laser diode chirp, it is introduced a technique named Time- Resolved Optical Spectroscopy. Then, by using a step-shaped current stimulus, the laser chirp transfer function H(s) was obtained. With knowledge on H(s), a numerical simulation produced the suitable current stimulus i(t) needed to generate NLFM microwave pulses through self-heterodyning. Experimental results agreed with the numerical simulations.