En utilisant comme cas d’étude le mouflon Méditerranéen (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.), les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de mieux comprendre comment sont liés diversité génétique, comportement des individus, flux de gènes et dynamique parasitaire. Au travers d’approches de génétique des populations et de génétique du paysage, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la structure génétique spatiale de la population étudiée était impactée par son histoire d’introduction, sa structure socio-spatiale et le paysage dans lequel elle évolue. Etant donné l’impact de ces divers éléments sur les flux de gènes des mouflons, nous nous attendions à ce qu’ils déterminent également les flux de parasites dans la population. Nos résultats ont, au contraire, révélé que les parasites circulent mieux que les gènes de mouflons dans la population. Enfin, nous avons montré que les capacités de résistance des hôtes face à leurs parasites dépendaient de la diversité génétique neutre et adaptative, notamment de l’hétérozygotie d’un gène lié à l’immunité. Les résultats de ce travail décrivent avec précision la distribution de la variabilité génétique et son lien avec les risques sanitaires dans la population d’étude, apportant ainsi des informations cruciales pour la mise en place de stratégies de gestion et de conservation des populations de mouflons dans le contexte actuel de changements globaux et de réémergences de maladies. / Using as a case study the Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.), we aimed at better understanding how are linked genetic diversity, individual behaviour, gene flows and parasitic dynamic. Using population and landscape genetics approaches, we showed that the spatial genetic structure of the studied population was determined by its introduction history, its socio-spatial structure and the landscape in which it evolves. Given the impact of these elements on mouflon gene flow, we expected them to also determine parasite transmission in the population. Our results nevertheless evidenced that parasite are better dispersed than mouflon genes. Finally, we showed that host resistance to parasites depends on neutral and adaptive genetic diversity, and more specifically on heterozygosity at a immunity-linked locus. Our results precisely describe genetic variability spatial distribution and its link with sanitary risks in the studied population, bringing crucial information for wild sheep population management and conservation in the current context of global changes and disease reemergence.

This research deals with the challenges of the conservation of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in the Chitwan National Park of Nepal and aims to be a model for tiger conservation in the tropical areas of other tiger range countries. Despite the high level of public concern and major investments during the last few decades for conservation, wild tigers continue to be under grave threat, and their preservation now requires, more than ever before, using reliable ecological knowledge for their conservation interventions. In this dissertation, I investigated various factors that affect on tiger conservation in this park: population status of prey, dietary patterns of tiger and its impact on sympatric carnivores (e.g., leopard) and increasing human-wildlife conflicts, effects of habitat structures and human disturbances on prey and predator species abundance and distribution.

Wild ungulates are considered one of the major drivers for shaping terrestrial ecosystems, which has been developing since the early Cenozoic. Understanding the effects of ungfulates on vegetation is necessary for qualified knowledge how European landscape looked prior to human habitation and how it would look like without human intervention. Further, such understanding is of practical importance as management information necessary for managing abandoned landscapes. While the present-day wild ungulate European fauna does not contain several large grazers like auroch (Bos primigenius) anymore, the landscape has long been affected by them. It thus possesses historical experience of response to large grazers, which has been further maintained by livestock grazing. Importantly, the European landscape is experiencing a steady increase of populations of deer (Cervidae) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) with major effects of vegetation and landscape structure. While the effects of these present-day dominants have been studied mainly in forest habitats, there is a growing evidence that they both promote species diversity of forest understory and, interestingly, preferably feed in open vegetation and thus can affect broader landscape heterogeneity. The main aim of this thesis is therefore to examine effects of...