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Pollination and pollinators of pumpkin and squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) grown for seed production in the Willamette Valley of western OregonGavilánez-Slone, Jenny M. 29 August 2000 (has links)
'Golden Delicious' winter squash (GDWS), Cucurbita maxima Duchesne,
provides significant amounts of pollen (24 mg) and nectar (236 μl), but with a low
reward of 14% nectar sugar. The quantity of nectar produced per GDWS flower
differed between sites and floral sex. The GDWS male flowers had 25% higher
sugar concentration than female flowers. There was no statistical difference in the
percent of nectar sugars per flower between sites, but the interaction between site
and floral sex was statistically significant for the amount of nectar and percent of
nectar sugars. Pollen production per flower differed significantly between sites
with the most productive site producing 27% more, and 45% more than the other
sites.
Pollination efficiency of honeybees and bumble bees was assessed with
field cages (1.8x1.8x1.8 m). No significant differences were found except for the
interaction between the bee treatment and year on number of fruit per cage. This
significant difference reflects the increase in fruit number produced by honey bees
in 1997.
The effect of distance from honey bee hives on fruit and seed quality was
tested, and found significant only for B- and C-seeds weight, which were both less
in the plots farthest from the nearest group of honey bee hives. Placement of honey
bee hives in fields of ≤120 ha appears not to be critical for adequate pollination of
GDWS. Other pollinators (excluding honey bees) were frequent visitors to the
squash flowers studied here - for example, Bombus spp., Megachilids, Halictids,
etc. These other pollinators, mostly bumble bees, accounted for 3.55% of all bee
visits.
Honey bees visited proportionately more female flowers in the morning,
and progressively switched to the more abundant male flowers in the afternoon.
This bias differed by site and year. Bumble bees visited proportionally slightly
more male GDWS flowers than did female flowers and did it in a similar rate
throughout the day. From 15 minute observations each hour of individual female
GDWS flower, we calculated that they received approximately 80 honey bee visits
per day. / Graduation date: 2001
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Arsenic Mobilization from Silicic Volcanic Rocks in the Southern Willamette ValleyFerreira, Gabriela Ribeiro de Sena 31 March 2016 (has links)
Volcanic tuffs and tuffaceous sediments are frequently associated with elevated As groundwater concentrations even though their bulk As contents (~ 5 mg kg-1; Savoie, 2013) are only marginally greater than the average crustal abundance of 4.8 mg g-1 (Rudnick & Gao, 2003). Thus, As mobilization must be facilitated by conditions particular to these rocks. Alkaline desorption, anionic competition, reactive glass dissolution, and reductive dissolution of iron oxides are proposed processes of As release from volcanic rocks. Geogenic As contamination of groundwater in the southern Willamette Valley in western Oregon has been well-documented since the early 1960s, and previous studies have identified the Little Butte Volcanics Series and Fisher and Eugene Formations as the source of As contamination.
This study examines 19 samples from 10 units of ash flow tuffs and tuffaceous sediments within the Fisher Formation and Little Butte Volcanics Series, representing a range of weathering and devitrification, to determine conditions of mobilization and mineralogical constraints that control As release into solution. Leachate studies were conducted over a range of pH from 7 to 11, phosphate concentrations from 10 μM to 100 mM, and in time series from 4 to 196 hours. Results demonstrate that silicic volcanic tuffs are capable of mobilizing As in concentrations above regulatory limits at pH conditions produced naturally by the tuffs (pH 8-9) or with moderate concentrations of P (10-100 μM). Alteration products, e.g. zeolites and clays, appear to be the primary host phases for mobile As. Samples that do not contain these alteration products tend to produce concentrations of As well below regulatory limits and often below the instrument detection limits of this study. The type of alteration may influence As mobilization: tuffs containing more clays tend to mobilize As through surficial desorption, and tuffs containing more zeolites tend to mobilize As by dissolution or formation of colloids. Additionally, one volcaniclastic sample demonstrates that extremely elevated concentrations of As, up to 1000 μg/L are possible as a result of oxidative dissolution of As-bearing sulfide phases.
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Bird use of revetted riverbanks in the Willamette ValleyPerry, Clifford Brian 01 January 1977 (has links)
Over 115 miles of rock revetments that serve to protect river banks have been constructed in the Willamette Basin. In this study the spring and summer bird use of Willamette Basin revetments is examined. Revetments that had not been recently cleared of most woody vegetation and blackberries were found to have significantly greater total and breeding bird use than cleared revetments. Possible factors affecting bird use, such as vegetation on revetments and vegetation adjacent to revetments are examined using linear regression analysis. The results of this study are compared with results of previous work in riparian forests along the Columbia River. It is concluded that revetments represent significant avian habitat, especially for "edge species," and that present maintenance practices involving removal of vegetation adversely affect bird use.
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Residue management and yield characteristics of fine fescue seed cropsSchumacher, Derek David 29 April 2005 (has links)
Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman] is a desired
turfgrass with dense sod forming capabilities and superior shade tolerance. Thermal
residue management (open-field burning) has traditionally been used to remove post-harvest
residue and maintain seed yield over the life of the stand. However, alternative
non-thermal residue management practices have been observed to produce adequate
seed yields dependent upon cultivar.
Strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. subsp. rubra) is desired for
its prolific tillering capacity and creeping rhizomatous growth habit. In contrast to
Chewings fescue, maintenance of seed yield in strong creeping red fescue has only
been profitably produced under thermal residue management. Slender creeping red
fescue [F. rubra L. var. littoralis (Vasey)] is a desired turfgrass with a compact, less
rhizomatous growth habit, similar to Chewings fescue in desirable turf attributes.
However, little is known about the effects of post-harvest residue management in
slender creeping red fescue.
The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate seed yield and yield
components among different cultivars to thermal (open-burning), and non-thermal
(flail low and flail high) post-harvest residue management; 2) to evaluate harvest
index and percent cleanout to thermal and non-thermal residue management in
different cultivars; and 3) and to provide an economic analysis of thermal and non-thermal
residue management in all cultivars based on partial budgeting.
Three post-harvest residue management treatments (burn, flail low and flail
high) were applied over the course of two years. Seed yield components measured
included: total dry weight, fertile tiller number, spikelets per panicle, florets per
spikelet, and panicle length. Final seed yield in each cultivar and residue management
treatment method was determined after seed harvest and conditioning. Seed yield
component analysis was conducted over three production seasons.
Chewings fescue, strong creeping red fescue, and slender creeping red fescue
cultivars responded differently to residue management as indicated by a residue
management by cultivar interaction. In 2003 and 2004, residue management by
cultivar interactions were evident in seed number, seed weight, fertile tiller number,
percent cleanout, harvest index, and seed yield. Residue management by cultivar
interactions occurred in spikelets per panicle in 2003, whereas in 2004 a residue
management by cultivar interaction occurred in panicle length and florets per spikelet.
In 2004, non-thermal flail low, and thermal residue management resulted in
significantly greater spikelets per panicle in all cultivars. Thermal residue management
resulted in the greatest number of spikelets per panicle.
Results indicate that thermal residue management best maintained seed yield in
most subspecies and cultivars across both years. However, in 2003, non-thermal flail
low residue management produced profitable seed yield in only Marker slender
creeping red fescue. In contrast, thermal residue management resulted in poor seed
yields in Marker slender creeping red fescue and enhanced yields in Seabreeze slender
creeping red fescue in 2003. However, following the second year of thermal treatment
in 2004, Marker and Seabreeze both had lower seed yields, thus exhibiting the only
negative impact of thermal management among the cultivars tested in this study.
Moreover, upon review of an economic analysis, Marker slender red fescue was the
only cultivar that produced a positive net return of $78 and $4 ha⁻¹ under non-thermal
residue management in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Furthermore, in 2003, thermal
residue management net return increases ranged from $104 ha⁻¹ to -$996 ha⁻¹ in
Barnica and Shademark, respectively. In 2004, thermal residue management net return
increases ranged from $115 ha⁻¹ and $1,332 ha⁻¹ in Seabreeze and Shademark,
respectively.
Poor seed yields were observed in all strong creeping red fescue cultivars
under non-thermal residue management across both years of the study. This may be
attributed to an observed reduction in fertile tiller number and seed yield. In addition,
percent seed cleanout was increased with non-thermal residue management. In 2004,
as stand age increased, thermal residue management resulted in greater seed yields in
all cultivars and species, except both cultivars of slender creeping red fescue. Thus,
this study provided substantial evidence that thermal residue management has the
potential to maintain or increase fine fescue seed yield as stands age as well as to
maintain stand profitability. / Graduation date: 2005
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Liming requirement of selected Willamette Valley soilsPeterson, Paul William 01 September 1971 (has links)
There are two major problems associated with soil acidity and
lime response investigations:
A. Determining how much lime (100% "available" CaCO��� equivalent)
is required to raise a soil pH (or degree of acidity) from its
existing level to a specified level - presumably where need for
lime is eliminated.
B. Determining responses of different crops on different soils to
lime; and defining some chemical measurement of the soil that
will predict the response of a specified crop.
Investigations in this study were limited to the first problem.
Liming characteristics of 45 acid Willamette Valley soils, representing
the major agricultural soil associations, were determined by incubating
the soils with increments of CaCO���. The lime required to
bring the soils to the specified pH levels of 6.8, 6.4 and 6.0 varied
widely within the respective pH levels. Relationships between soils,
however, as determined by the value of the incubation curve slope
(meq. of CaCO��� /100g of soil required to raise soil pH by one unit),
were improved by grouping into related soils. Laboratory measurements
of other soil chemistry parameters were compared with
changes in pH to determine if a satisfactory quick laboratory procedure
could be developed to measure the incubation lime requirement
of soils with different chemical characteristics.
Measurements of soil pH were made by three different methods:
(1) in the supernatant of a 1:2 soil to water suspension; (2) in the
sedimented paste of the 1:2 soil to water suspension; and (3) in the
supernatant of a 1:2 soil to 1 N KCl suspension. Lime requirement
with a buffered solution was measured in limed and unlimed
soils by use of the SMP (Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt) buffer
method. Soil samples treated with increments of lime were analyzed
for extractable Al and exchange acidity by titration and the unincubated
soils were analyzed for exchange acidity determined by subtracting
exchangeable bases from CEC measured at pH 7. 0 and pH 6. 0.
Results of the correlation analyses showed that the SMP buffer
method should prove useful for predicting the incubation lime requirement.
Correlation coefficients for these two values were .89, .90
and 86, respectively, to reach pH levels of 6.8, 6.4 and 6.0. Soil
pH measurements, extractable Al, and exchange acidity determinations
did not provide as good a basis for determining incubation lime requirements,
Regression equations were calculated for the SMP
buffer/incubation lime requirement relationships.
The purpose of this study was to identify the changes in soil
chemical measurements that take place with application of lime. No
attempt was made to determine whether a crop might respond to an
application of lime on an acid soil. The assumption was made that
yield could be related to specific pH or soil acidity levels that could
be measured in the laboratory. Therefore, the problem was approached
by studying procedures that might determine the application of lime
required to reach a specified pH or soil acidity measurement. It
anticipated that field trials for evaluating lime response will be
carried out in the future to evaluate the usefulness of the SMP buffer
method which showed promise in this regard. / Graduation date: 1972
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The impact of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on marsh vegetation in the Willamette Valley, Oregon /Wentz, William Alan. January 1971 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1971. / Partially funded by Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-41). Also available on the World Wide Web.
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Annual cycles of organic matter and phytoplankton attributes in the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, with reference to the Columbia River EstuarySullivan, Barbara Elaine 25 February 1997 (has links)
Graduation date: 1997
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The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution /Noble, Richard Earl. January 1952 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1952. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-121). Also available online.
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Riparian cover changes associated with flow regulation and bank stabilization along the Upper Willamette River in Oregon between 1939 and 1996 /Gutowsky, Sharon L. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2000. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-82). Also available on the World Wide Web.
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Willamette River : river lands and river boundaries /Hoerauf, Eugene Arthur, January 1970 (has links)
Originally presented as the author's Thesis (M.A.--University of Oregon). / Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55). Also available on the World Wide Web.
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