Currently, most micrositing techniques aim to maximize annual energy production (AEP) or minimize cost of energy (COE) with no direct regard to revenue. This research study developed a method that utilizes the seasonal electricity price and wind data to microsite wind farms in terms of profitability. To accomplish this, six candidate wind farms with differing layouts and spacing were selected at a given location. They were then simulated using a wake modeling software to produce expected power outputs at different wind speeds, wind directions, and turbulence intensities. By interpolating the power output tables with wind data, a power time-series was created for each wind farm over a multi-year period. Electrical price was then incorporated with the power time-series to produce a revenue time-series of the revenue produced at each hour over the same time-period. Each relative wind farm was then rotated in increments to evaluate new candidate wind farms and revenue totals. This method is site specific and results may differ dependent on location and seasonal correlation between wind and electrical data. Overall, the method looks to exploit a different approach to the micrositing problem.

<p>Until just a few years ago wind farms where excluded from many of the requirementsthat can be found in grid codes. But as the numbers of wind farms have grown as wellas the sizes of them, the requirements to connect them to the grid have becomemore stringent. In this thesis it has been investigated if it’s possible to design a controlsystem that controls the reactive power from an offshore wind farm, so that the gridcode requirements regarding reactive power are fulfilled. By controlling the reactivepower the dynamic variations in the voltage are decreased. The regulator should alsobe able to help the wind farm to handle the fault conditions that are described in thegrid code.An offshore wind farm outside the coast of Western Europe is now being planned.Data from this wind farm has been used in this thesis. The wind farm has a total of 54wind turbines with more than 300 MW all together. The reactive power is controlledvia the generators and also by disconnecting and connecting four shunt reactors.A model of the wind farm has been built in Simpow, as well as design of the regulator.Simpow is a simulation program developed by ABB that enables simulations of powersystems. Different scenarios have been simulated to see if it is possible to control thewind farm in the desired way. The results show that the wind farm manages to handlefault conditions as described in the grid, and it is also possible to control the reactivepower in a desirable way.</p>

Until just a few years ago wind farms where excluded from many of the requirementsthat can be found in grid codes. But as the numbers of wind farms have grown as wellas the sizes of them, the requirements to connect them to the grid have becomemore stringent. In this thesis it has been investigated if it’s possible to design a controlsystem that controls the reactive power from an offshore wind farm, so that the gridcode requirements regarding reactive power are fulfilled. By controlling the reactivepower the dynamic variations in the voltage are decreased. The regulator should alsobe able to help the wind farm to handle the fault conditions that are described in thegrid code.An offshore wind farm outside the coast of Western Europe is now being planned.Data from this wind farm has been used in this thesis. The wind farm has a total of 54wind turbines with more than 300 MW all together. The reactive power is controlledvia the generators and also by disconnecting and connecting four shunt reactors.A model of the wind farm has been built in Simpow, as well as design of the regulator.Simpow is a simulation program developed by ABB that enables simulations of powersystems. Different scenarios have been simulated to see if it is possible to control thewind farm in the desired way. The results show that the wind farm manages to handlefault conditions as described in the grid, and it is also possible to control the reactivepower in a desirable way.

Nowadays the globalization and the economy expansion of the emerging countries demand anincreasing amount of energy. Therefore, energy production as well as the efficiency of energyusage, is essential for future developments of societies. Renewable energies appear as a turnkeysolution that could support the growing demands, and at the same time not being harmful to theenvironment [1]. Within the types of renewable energies, wind energy could be considered asone with large potential.In this paper I present the study of a Swedish wind farm placed in Rockneby.Once the wind turbines were installed and working correctly, a discrepancy between the realenergy obtained and the theoretical energy indicated by the manufacturer was detected. Thestored data in the SCADA system were compared with the values provided by the manufacturerand several analyses were performed. Initially an anomaly in the power residual deviation wasdetected. It was showing an unusual behaviour at high wind speeds. The variation of the airdensity in the wind farm at hub height was considered as a possible reason of the disagreementobserved in the power parameters since the reference density used by the manufacturer was aconstant value calculated in laboratory environment. However, this idea was rejected becausethe power generated in both conditions is similar. The pitch angle was analysed after detectinga significant variations in wind speed measurements made by the anemometer in the turbinenumber three. As a result, it was found a pitch variation in the turbine which seems due to afailure in the anemometer. As a final result, the turbulences were analysed giving as aconclusion that the turbulence intensity were situated around 20%. Therefore, I mainly suggestas a possible explanation of this fact the influence of the turbulence accompanied of a badcalibration or failure in the anemometers.

Wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) is the design of wind turbine layout, subject to various financial and engineering objectives and constraints. The first topic of this thesis focuses on solving two variations of WFLO that have different analytical aerodynamic models, and illustrate deep integration of the wake models into mixed-integer programs and constraint programs. Formulating WFLO as MIP and CP enables more quantitative analysis than previous studies could do with heuristics, and allows the practitioners to use an off-the-shelf optimization solver to tackle the WFLO problem. The second topic focuses on another version of WFLO that has two competing objectives: minimization of noise and maximization of energy. A genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used. Under these two objectives, solutions are presented to illustrate the flexibility of this optimization framework in terms of supplying a spectrum of design choices with different numbers of turbines and different levels of noise and energy output.

Wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) is the design of wind turbine layout, subject to various financial and engineering objectives and constraints. The first topic of this thesis focuses on solving two variations of WFLO that have different analytical aerodynamic models, and illustrate deep integration of the wake models into mixed-integer programs and constraint programs. Formulating WFLO as MIP and CP enables more quantitative analysis than previous studies could do with heuristics, and allows the practitioners to use an off-the-shelf optimization solver to tackle the WFLO problem. The second topic focuses on another version of WFLO that has two competing objectives: minimization of noise and maximization of energy. A genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used. Under these two objectives, solutions are presented to illustrate the flexibility of this optimization framework in terms of supplying a spectrum of design choices with different numbers of turbines and different levels of noise and energy output.

The construction of traditional large-scale central power plants and the extension of power lines in Taiwan have tremendous difficulties in terms of land acquisition and environmental protection for a long time. In addition, one potential risk of energy supply is that over 95% of energy source is imported overseas. Therefore, the most important goal of Taiwan energy policy is to cut down the amount of energy import. To achieve the goal, it is important to explore innovatively local energy source by developing renewable and clean energy. Around the available renewable energy technologies, wind power technique is the most mature one in addition to hydraulic power generation. However due to limited land resources and restrictive regulations, it is expected that wind farm development in Taiwan can only be located offshore, instead of inland. Besides, a multi-functional wind farm site, which involves ocean farm ranch, is desirable to bring mutual benefits for both developers and local stake holders. The current study has used System Dynamics(SD) to analyze the influence of Multi-functional offshore wind farm on economic. We discuss the change of fish catch with building offshore wind farm¡Aand the change of economic output in open ocean with offshore wind farm combine marine ranching. It is therefore easy for the decision makers to comprehend the economical benefit difference if an offshore multi-functional wind farm were to develop in the future. The result of this study is building offshore wind farm will reduced the fishing revenue in a short time¡Abut the total fishing revenue will increased in a long time. The Multi-functional offshore wind farm has better economic output than offshore wind farm.

No description available.

ABSTRACT Wind energy is among the fastest growing renewable energy technologies in the world that has been increasing by about 30% a year globally. Wind energy has proven to be a clean, abundant and completely renewable source of energy. Owing to the rapidly increasing use of wind power, the aspect of integrating high level of penetrations wind power into the grid is becoming more and more of reality. Examples of large wind farms in the United States are the 781.5 MW Roscoe wind farm in Texas, the 735.5 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Taylor and Nolan County, Texas, the 845 MW Shepherds Flat wind farm in Oregon and the 1550 MW Alta wind farm being developed in California. As most large wind farms in North America employ Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbines, their voltage-sourced converter-based back-to-backs offer independent control of the real and reactive power. The use of these control capabilities have been recently proposed for damping power swings, inter-area oscillations as well as subsynchronous resonance. There is, however, a question that is always associated with the use of voltage-sourced converter -based back-to-back wind farms for damping power system oscillations: what happens when there is no wind? The keyword to the answer is “combined”. The potential benefit of using these types of wind farms for damping power system oscillations should always be combined with conventional damping devices (power system stabilizers, thyristor controlled series capacitor, static synchronous series compensator, high voltage dc systems, etc.). This thesis reports the results of digital time-domain simulation studies that are carried out to investigate the potential use of supplemental controls of DFIG-based wind farms combined with a phase imbalanced hybrid series capacitive compensation scheme for damping power system oscillations. The thesis also addresses the recent concern over the case of large share of wind power generation which results in reducing the total inertia of the synchronous generators and degrading the system transient stability. In this regards, the results of the investigations have shown that in such a case; properly designed supplemental controllers for the wind farm converters could be an asset in improving the system transient stability rather than degrading it. Time-domain simulations are conducted on a benchmark model using the ElectroMagnetic Transients program (EMTP-RV).

Technical Due Diligence (TDD) is an extensive document review process in which a complete assessment is made of all potential risks to the realisation or successful operation of a wind farm project. The goal of this assessment is to determine thecommercial feasibility of the proposed project. TDD assessments are extensive undertakings, and potentially subject to the bias of the individual reviewer. This aim of this research project is to develop a methodology to assist in the completion of TDD reviews at the host company for this research project, Mecal Wind Farm Services B.V., which will reduce the subjectivity of the TDD analysis and allow for objective comparison between different projects. A methodology was developed which assists the TDD assessment process. This methodology uses the combined judgements of individual reviewer and project managerto apply a weighting to the risk assessments carried out as part of the review. Aspreadsheet tool was created, based on this methodology, to assist the completion ofTDD assessments at Mecal.The spread sheet tool was validated by reference to historic project data at Mecal. The output of the tool compared well with the outcome of the project, proving that theconcept and methodology of the tool is sound.