by Lee Kwok Lun. / Title also in Chinese characters. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-147). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- WINTER MONSOON IN EAST ASIA / Chapter 1.2 --- THE SURGES AND THE EFFECTS ON LOCAL WEATHER / Chapter 1.3 --- PREDICTION OF WINTER MONSOON SURGES / Chapter 1.4 --- COASTAL FEATURES AT OTHER PLACES / Chapter 1.5 --- OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- THE NUMERICAL MODEL --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS / Chapter 2.1.1 --- INDEPENDENT VARIABLES / Chapter 2.1.2 --- DEPENDENT VARIABLES / Chapter 2.1.3 --- THE COMPLETE SET OF MODEL EQUATIONS / Chapter 2.2 --- MODEL DOMAIN AND GRID STRUCTURE / Chapter 2.3 --- SPATIAL FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEMES / Chapter 2.3.1 --- ADVECTION TERMS / Chapter 2.3.2 --- DIFFUSION TERM / Chapter 2.3.3 --- PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE TERM / Chapter 2.3.4 --- INTEGRATION OF HYDROSTATIC EQUATION / Chapter 2.4 --- TIME INTEGRATION SCHEME / Chapter 2.5 --- LATERAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS / Chapter 2.6 --- PARAMETERIZATION OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES / Chapter 2.6.1 --- PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER PHYSICS / Chapter 2.6.2 --- EVALUATION OF DIABATIC HEATING / Chapter 2.7 --- INITIALIZATION / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SIMULATIONS OF ACTUAL EASTERLY COLD SURGE EVENTS --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- CHOICE OF MODEL DOMAIN / Chapter 3.2 --- INITIAL AND LATERAL BOUNDARY DATA / Chapter 3.3 --- THE ACTUAL EVENTS / Chapter 3.3.1 --- CASE STUDY1A / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Synoptic Environment During the Event / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- The Simulation of the Actual Event / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Diagnosis of the Simulation Results / Chapter 3.3.2 --- CASE STUDY2A / Chapter 3.3.3. --- CASE STUDY3A / Chapter 3.4 --- SUMMARY / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON THE EASTERLY COLD SURGE --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- THE NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS / Chapter 4.2 --- NO TERRAIN EXPERIMENTS / Chapter 4.3 --- EFFECTS OF TAIWAN ISLAND / Chapter 4.4 --- IDEAL COASTAL RANGE EXPERIMENTS / Chapter 4.5 --- SUMMARY / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE FORMATION OF THE COASTAL NARROW RIDGE --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 5.2 --- THE KELVIN WAVE MODEL / Chapter 5.3 --- COMPARISON OF COASTAL PHENOMENA AT OTHER PLACES / Chapter 5.3.1 --- THE AUSTRALIA CASE / Chapter 5.3.2 --- THE NORTH AMERICA CASE / Chapter 5.4 --- THE SOUTHEAST CHINA COASTAL RIDGE / Chapter 5.5 --- OTHER MECHANISMS BESIDES OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.109 / APPENDIX A DERIVATION OF GOVERNING EQUATIONS --- p.112 / APPENDIX B HORIZONTAL SMOOTHING AND HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION --- p.120 / APPENDIX C DIAGNOSTIC VARIABLES --- p.122 / APPENDIX D EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL KELVIN WAVES --- p.125 / APPENDIX E FORTRAN SOURCE CODE OF THE NUMERICAL MODEL --- p.129 / REFERENCES --- p.147

Wong Wai Kin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-200). / Wong Wai Kin. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Kelvin features in easterly surges in southern China --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Northerly surges in southern China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.8 / Chapter 2 --- Theory of Kelvin Waves against an Incline --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- General formalism --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Vertical barrier --- p.17 / Chapter 2 4 --- Infinite incline --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5 --- Finite incline --- p.21 / Chapter 2.6 --- Analysis of scales and non-dimensional variables --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7 --- The governing equation of pressure disturbance --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Variational Principle --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Integration of continuity equation --- p.32 / Chapter 2 8 --- Kelvin waves against a topography --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter 3 --- Numerical Study of Linear Kelvin Waves --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Shallow Water Wave Theory --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Kelvin wave in the presence of topography --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Numerical model --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Uniform or slowly varying topography depth --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Uniform topographical depth --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Slowly varying bottom topography --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Numerical study on infinite incline --- p.54 / Chapter 3.7 --- Finite incline --- p.57 / Chapter 3.8 --- Numerical experiments using more realistic terrain --- p.61 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Experiment A --- p.61 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Experiment --- p.64 / Chapter 3.9 --- Further discussion --- p.69 / Chapter 3.10 --- Coastal Kelvin waves features of northeasterly cold surges in Southern China --- p.74 / Chapter 3.11 --- Summary --- p.75 / Chapter 4 --- Nonlinear Kelvin Waves Features --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mathematical Model --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- Existence of Non-linear Travelling Solution --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4 --- Qualitative discussion on solution --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Linearized equation at Z = 0 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Linearized equations at Z1 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Case with no viscosity --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Case with viscosity: m2 > m2 > 0 --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Case with viscosity: m2 > m2 > 0 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.5 --- Expression for the wave speed --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Solitary Wave --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Travelling Wave --- p.96 / Chapter 4.6 --- Numerical Calculations --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Shooting method --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Nonlinear Periodic Solution --- p.100 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Nonlinear Solitary Wave Solution --- p.100 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Oscillatory Travelling Wave Solution --- p.102 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Monotonic Travelling Wave Solution --- p.104 / Chapter 4.7 --- Wave Disturbance along y direction --- p.107 / Chapter 4 8 --- Existence of the terrain gradient --- p.109 / Chapter 4.9 --- Summary --- p.116 / Chapter 5 --- Froude Number Study on Northerly Cold surges --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Prediction of cold surges passing over the NanLing Range --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Theoretical studies on orographic blocking effect and the Froude number --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Physical meaning of the Froude number --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Definition of northerly cold surges --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Method of calculation using ECMWF data set --- p.126 / Chapter 5 .2. --- 4 Calculation using the meteorological station data --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Froude Number Statistics using ECMWF data --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Froude number statistics using meteorological station data --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4 --- Non-dimensional number statistics combining rotation and stratification --- p.135 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.138 / Chapter 6 --- Diagnostic Study on Northerly Cold Surge --- p.140 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.140 / Chapter 6. 2 --- Diagnostic variables in the study --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Diagnosis of geopotential tendency in terms of advection of relative vorticity --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Diagnosis of the vertical motion --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3 --- Data and calculation --- p.147 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter 6. 4 --- .1 Brief description on the cold surge --- p.149 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Diagnosis using ECMWF data set --- p.149 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Diagnosis using the limited area model simulation results --- p.161 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.162 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.169 / Appendices --- p.172 / Chapter A --- Non-dimensional Governing Equations --- p.172 / Chapter B --- Governing Equation for Pressure Disturbance --- p.177 / Chapter B.1 --- Variation Approach --- p.177 / Chapter B.2 --- Integration of Continuity Equation --- p.180 / Chapter C --- "Semigeostrophic Theory, Dispersion and Dissipation" --- p.182 / Chapter C.1 --- Semigeostrophic Approximation --- p.182 / Chapter C.2 --- Dispersive effects --- p.188 / Chapter C.3 --- Dissipative effects --- p.190 / Chapter D --- Bibliography