Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2003. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-272)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

A research project submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2002. / African migration to South Africa is not a recent phenomenon bu in recent history, dates back to about one hundred and fifty years when African men migrated from some southern African countries to work in the South African mines. During this period however, the apartheid regime restricted African entry into the labour market of South Africa to contract mine workers, who were obviously men. Due to the abolition of apartheid. African migration to South Africa now has a gender profile. SkPIed, professional and businesswomen of African origin are now migrating independently to South Africa. This new face oftAfrican migration is transforming South African society and culture. African women from other countries have migrated to South Africa with parts of their cultures (their dresses and their food). In South Africa, these women have acquired both positive and negative identities. The negative identities expose them to discrimination in South Africa. On the other hand, the positively acquired identities nave given the women economic independence in their families and an occupational identity in their professions. In their attempt to adjust to life in South Africa, African migrant women encounter difficulties as a result of the restrictionist immigration policy of South Africa. These women are not happy with such a policy which is based solely on economic considerations. African women claim that they struggled alongside South Africans to bring apartheid to an end and were promised by the ANC-in-exilc that they were going to be welcome in an apartheid- free South Africa. These women claim that Iliey are here to make a contribution, which is clearly portrayed by their occupational experiences. This study portrays the fact that African migrant women arc impacting on South African society and are being impacted by it as well. As tempting as it is. it would be a mistake by the South African government to dismiss the current contribution made by these women both in the formal and informal sector of the South African economy. Coining from other African countries which have been plagued with political turmoil, degrading poverty and worsening of peoples living conditions (especially with the consequences of the implementation of the structural adjustment programs), migrant women have learnt to use their initiative, especially in the area of small businesses. This has enabled the women to transform their financial situations in their families. Diverse strategies have been utilised in this transformation; the inherent but powerful social networks which aided in relocating to new or particular areas in South Africa, financial and social support from their "fictive kin" system. As a "modus operandi" for Ghanaian migrant women hairdressers, country men/wo men are employed from Ghana and brought to South Africa to work in their hair salons. Since South Africans believe that Ghanaians are the best hairdressers, the migrant women have decided to employ as many Ghanaians in their salons as possible, to keep their businesses busy even in their absence. Some of the migrant women have opened food shops where indigenous West African foods are sold to the migrant population. These shops are placed in strategic places, like in central Durban which is accessible to all living in KwaZufu-Natal. In the formal sector, most of (lie migrant women were among tlic first black women lo occupy certain positions, which were previously occupied by white South Africans. Positions such as supervisors in catering departments in Iiospitals. lecturers and head of departments at some universities are examples of the empowering contribution of migrant women to South African society. These women's lives have also been impacted by South African society, especially in the apartheid era. Considering the precarious conditions under which mizrant women from Zambia lived in KwaZulu-Natal in the apartheid era (they were considered as spies because Zambia hosted some of the A.N.C-in-exile and I.F.P dominated this area), it was in their best interest to watch every step they took because they could have been killed. However, they live to tell of how they narrowly escaped death. Migration to South Africa by migrant nurses which once was considered as an opportunity to "have their own share of the gold" has turned to disillusionment. They have been caught in the web of the immigration policy of South Africa. The conditions for a migrant to stay in South Africa depend on how scarce his/her skill is. Nursing which was considered a scarce skill in the 1990s is no longer scarce. This has led lo a second migration to England by the nurses. Despite the recent increase in this second migration, some have decided to use the opportunities of working and studying in South Africa to obtain university degrees, which they believe will improve their financial situations. According to the remarks made by some of the migrant women, th;y are happy lo be where they are, for, comparatively. South Africa still has the best to ofler migrant women in the African continent. However, the migration literature shows that researchers in the field of migration have been gender-blind. Independent skilled, career and businesswomen of African origin have been side-lined in scholarly research on migration in post apartheid South Africa. In collecting data used for this study, the snowball method of sampling was used because other me! hods were not appropriate. The population of study was made of a core sample often women, although interviews were conducted informally with a cross-section with other migrant women. The study of independent African migrant women is an example of an ethnographic account at its best.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Lau, Ying Chui Janice. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-235). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters. / Abstract / Acknowledgement / Chapter 1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Background --- p.4 / Defining Female New Immigrants --- p.7 / Literature Review --- p.10 / Methodology --- p.22 / List of Informants --- p.25 / Thesis Structure --- p.27 / Chapter 2 / History of Female Mainland Migrants in Hong Kong --- p.30 / Invisible Female Migrants --- p.31 / Immigration Policy as Identity Marker --- p.35 / Gender Implications in the Immigration Policy --- p.37 / Shifts in Social Policy and Social Capital --- p.41 / Hong Kong Identity: a Gender Perspective --- p.45 / "Class, Popular Culture and Identity Politics" --- p.50 / Conclusion --- p.53 / Chapter 3 / Hongkongness in the Classroom --- p.56 / Learning Hong Kong English --- p.60 / Learning “accentless´ح Cantonese --- p.70 / Learning Proper Behavior --- p.78 / Learning the Hong Kong Spirit --- p.87 / Conclusion --- p.94 / Chapter 4 / Reconstructing Womanhood --- p.96 / Dressing up in Hongkong-Style --- p.100 / Reconstructing a Hongkong-Style Beautiful Face --- p.104 / Learning to be a Wife of Hong Kong Man --- p.109 / Learning to be a Hong Kong Mother --- p.116 / Marital Relationship and Adaptation --- p.119 / Conclusion --- p.137 / Chapter 5 / Empowerment and Disempowerment --- p.140 / Empowerment --- p.141 / Structural Resources --- p.143 / Gain and Loss of Capital --- p.147 / Defining Capital: Social Workers and Class Teachers --- p.152 / Redefining Capital: Mainland Women Migrants´ة Agency --- p.157 / Evaluation of Achievement --- p.163 / Breaking Down of Cultural Boundaries --- p.163 / Discarding Stereotypes --- p.166 / Constructing New Relations --- p.169 / Disempowerment --- p.175 / Conclusion --- p.186 / Chapter 6 / Conclusion --- p.189 / A Uniquely Hong Kong Process --- p.189 / Keeping an Imagined Boundary --- p.195 / Imitating Hongkong-Style Womanhood --- p.199 / Women´ةs Empowerment and Disempowerment --- p.203 / Policy Implications and Recommendations --- p.206 / The Way Ahead --- p.213 / Appendixes --- p.215 / Bibliography --- p.219

The blue glass is always the hardest to find. On the beach you catch the waves bringing back the glass from forgotten tossed bottles, frosted green, clear, or mottled pale brown. But the blue glass - that's the real thing. I search for days without finding any. Sometimes there are slivers; other days, small chunks. Like a beachcomber, I comb the sands for it. I take the glass home and make some into jewellery and touchstones for people to hang on to; pour essential oils on others so the scents waft heavenward and meld together with the glass to form a bond. Words are like that. They can fuse with each other and ignite, or just quietly combine, On sunny days, I take my books with me to the beach. I toss words back and forth in my mind, like churning waves. I cobble them together, A phrase here. A sentence there. The water. The sun. The sand. The glass. The words. The paper. The Connection. I find myself enveloped in it all. The glass is from bottles tossed into the surf by unthinking people - picnickers, vacationers, those who don't have to return here and live with the remnants of their actions. Over time, the broken glass is ground and moulded by the action of the waves; the sharp edges are softened and etched by the sand and water, The sea glass is washed up on shore and picked up by beachcombers. Some recycle it for other uses like me; others just keep it as a reminder of a day at the beach. The words I sift through as I sit on the sand are measured in the sea glass. I pick each word up and look through it to see how much light shines through. What use do 1 have for it? A poem? An essay? A fragment of a sentence, for something to be said in the future? I watch the sun rest uneasily on its bed of water and slide slowly, farther down. I know the hot summer is coming to a close and I am loath to let go of the closeness I feel with nature. I live to find the blue glass, and sometimes it just happens. My search for Indian migrant women was like my quest for the blue glass. It was not an easy task. It became a process of rummaging through other people's lives, searching for fragments and relics. Eventually I was able to fit pieces together to form a mosaic of their lives in that other time, that other place. And also in this present time, in this place they now call home, Australia.

Thesis (PhD) -- AUT University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (xiii, 297 leaves ; 30 cm.) in the Archive at the City Campus (T 305.488954093 NAY)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DXN104862.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Sociology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 393-406). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ59130.

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