M.S.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if high loadings of semi-chemical pulp mill waste could be processed in a pilot plant by anaerobic digestion. / Master of Science

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the use of NUCHAR activated carbon and aluminum sulfate as agents for removing a significant amount of color V from the caustic extraction waste of a sulfate pulp process. After a thorough search of the related literature was completed, experimental tests were conducted using activated carbon and aluminum sulfate. Fourteen tests employing activated carbon were made at 25 °C, pH values of waste ranging from 3 to 11.4, carbon content of 0.1 and 0.3 gram per 100 milliliters of waste, and stirring times of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. Treatment of the waste with aluminum sulfate was s conducted at temperatures of 25, 60, 61, and 62 °C, pH values of waste of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and alum additions of 0.6, 0.0, 1.2, and 1.5 grams alum per liter of undiluted waste, Stirring time for these e treatments was 5 minutes at 75 revolutions per minute and 25 minutes at 45 revolutions per minute. Filtration of the sludge from alum coagulation of the caustic waste was performed through a sand bed and by vacuum through filter aid. Filtration through filter aid indicates a greater possibility of development into a workable process. It was concluded from this investigation that NUGHAR CEE-N activated carbon will not remove a significant amount of color free the caustic waste at the above conditions, but alum coagulation of the waste at pH of 6, temperature of 25 °C„ alum dosage of 1.5 gram per liter of waste, and stirring of 5 minutes and 25 minutes at 75 and 45 revolutions per minute, respectively, will decrease the color content of the waste approximately 90 per cent. / Master of Science

Coagulation studies were conducted to determine an appropriate treatment approach to remove color and organic carbon from the pulp and paper wastes from the Union Camp Corporation, Franklin, Va. Based on a preliminary analysis of the data collected during this research, either alum or ferric chloride may be used to remove color from pulp and paper wastes. An effluent with final residual color less than 5 color units can be generated using PAC treatment after flocculating certain waste streams with alum or ferric chloride. Higher molecular weight organics (above 5K mass units) showed a near complete removal by coagulation. It is expected that alum coagulation would involve a lesser cost in pH adjustment as compared to ferric chloride coagulation. Alum sludge dewatered and thickened more rapidly than the iron sludge; however, after mechanical dewatering, the alum cake had a slightly greater moisture content than the sludge produced after ferric chloride coagulation. / Master of Science

A comparison of the physical and mechanical properties of paper obtained from pulps beaten ultrasonically and mechanically was made at different Canadian standard freeness levels. / Master of Science

Of all industrial wastes that are discharged into streams, the one that probably causes the most trouble is the waste discharge of pulp mills. The waste quite frequently pollutes streams, principally because it has a high oxygen demand. In satisfying this demand, the dissolved oxygen content of the stream may be lowered to such an extent that it will not support fish life or prevent the occurrence of nuisances. The object of this investigation was to try to satisfy at least a part of this oxygen demand of semi-chemical kraft pulping waste before the waste is discharged into streams. The waste used in this investigation was prepared from a pulping mixture obtained from the Big Island, Virginia, mill of the National Container Corporation, and as prepared, had a total solids content of 2574 to 3591 p.p.m. The investigation was carried out by aerating the waste with and without the addition of chemical oxidizing agents and biological seeds. The results of this investigation show that the 5-day B.O.D. of semi-chemical kraft pulping waste was lowered from 24 to 31 percent by forty-eight hours of aeration at 20°C. without the addition of chemical oxidizing agents or biological seeds. A 40.5 percent reduction in the B.O.D. was obtained by the addition of sodium nitrate in the concentration of 20.0 p.p.m. of nitrogen. When the sodium nitrate concentration was increased to 100.0 p.p.m. of nitrogen, a 43.3 per cent reduction in the B.O.D. was obtained. The additions of sodium bichromate, in concentrations of 0.4 and 20.0 p.p.m. of Cr, and ferric chloride, in concentrations of 0.4 and 20.0 p.p.m. of Fe, did not aid in reducing the 5-day B.O.D. of the waste. Reductions up to 41.4 per cent were obtained with the addition of biological seeds to the waste. An average of 10 percent reduction in the total solids of the waste was obtained with forty-eight hours of aeration with and without the addition of chemical oxidizing agents and biological seeds. / M.S.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Technology: Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / Leadership is defined as a process by which an individual attempts to influence other group members towards achieving group goals. Leadership is also viewed as a process which people use to bring out the best in themselves and others. National culture is said to play a pivotal role in determining the effectiveness of leadership styles. Literature on leadership identifies transformational leadership, transactional leadership and laissez-faire leadership as the three common leadership styles in the current climate, with transformational leadership and transactional leadership being the most dominant. Literature suggests that an employee’s job satisfaction is strongly influenced by leadership style. Current leadership styles are related to job satisfaction by varying degrees. Several studies have indicated that transformational leadership results in higher levels of job satisfaction than transactional or laissez-faire leadership. The overall aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between leadership styles and employee job satisfaction levels within the organisation. A quantitative study was conducted to accomplish the objectives of the study. Questionnaires were administered to employees within the selected target population in the organisation. The data received were analysed using statistical packages. The results of the study show that there are statistically significant relationships between overall transactional leadership and job satisfaction, overall transformational leadership and job satisfaction and laissez-faire leadership and job satisfaction. However, two attributes of transformational leadership best explain job satisfaction. Intellectual stimulation contributed most to explaining job satisfaction, followed by individualised consideration. The remaining attributes of transformational leadership, transactional leadership and laissez-faire contribution to job satisfaction.

No description available.

At SAPPI-Tugela a continuous Kraft wood chip digester operates in EMCC mode (extended modified continuous cooking). Chips are initially exposed to a NaOH / Na2S liquor at high temperature in the top section. The chips move downward in plug flow passing circumferential screens used to draw liquor for various circulations. About midway down the spent black liquor is removed and the chips enter the cooler bottom section where some further reaction and washing occurs. Liquor level and chip level are maintained close to each other near the top. Chips require 8-12 hours to pass through the digester, depending on the chip feed rate. The key parameter of interest at the digester exit is the Kappa number, which is a measure of the extent of delignification which has occurred. Different board and paper products require different Kappa number pulp feed. (Final properties such as tensile, tear and bursting strengths will also depend on the way fibres have been modified in the digestion). The objective of this investigation is to predict the Kappa number of the product pulp in real-time, thus facilitating quicker reaction than the present dependence on laboratory analysis permits, possibly even allowing closed-loop control. The extent of delignification depends on liquor strength, temperature and exposure time, with final Kappa number also depending on the properties of the chip feed (wood type and moisture content). Compensation to maintain a steady Kappa number is made difficult by the long and varying residence time, and the fact that any changes apply to the whole profile held up in the digester. A number of static models for Kappa number prediction have been developed by previous workers, but these do not compare well with plant measurements. The collection of data from the Sappi-Tugela reactor, and the pulp quality reports, have been used to determine an efficient model. This step required a considerable data collection exercise, and similar results to the quality reports have been obtained using a simple linear model based on this data. The problem of model error is being reduced by arrangement as a Smith Predictor, in which the model is intermittently corrected by available laboratory analyses. At the same time, an interface was created, in order to synchronise measurement data for the chips presently leaving the reactor. In order to deal with the dead time, each parcel of chips entering the reactor is effectively tracked, and the changes in Kappa number integrated for reaction time under the varying conditions in transit. Knowing the present inventory of the reactor, this model can also be run forward in time as a predictive controller, to determine optimal control actions for maintenance of the target Kappa number. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

At Mondi Paper Ltd, Merebank, South of Durban, Paper Machine 2 has recently been transferred onto a Distributed Control System (DCS). This was seen as a good opportunity to enhance the control of the pulp feed to the machine. A prime concern in operating a paper machine is to ensure consistent set-point paper properties in the Cross-Direction (CD: ie. across the paper width) and in the Machine-Direction (MD: ie. along the paper length). Sophisticated adjustments are available to ensure an even feed of the stock (consistencies around 2% m/m wood fibres in water) from the head-box across the receiving width of the paper machine. The properties of prime interest as the pulp is pumped through the head-box distributor onto the receiving belt of the machine are the basis weight (fibre mass per unit area) and moisture content (per unit area). However, the distribution system is highly dependent on the properties of the stock as it arrives at the head-box. Variations in upstream chest levels, the supplied pressure, flow-rate and fibre/water ratio, all cause MD and even CD variations. The problems of maintaining steady conditions at the head-box are well known, and are understood to arise from sub-optimal control in the preceding section involving a blend chest and machine chest, amongst other items, where several pulp streams and dilution water are combined. A number of control loops are involved, but appear to require different tuning for different paper grades. Often individual loops are taken off-line. In this study, an understanding of the controller interactions in the stock preparation section has been developed by detailed dynamic modelling, including all of the existing control loops. The model is built up in a modular fashion using a basic element, having one input (which can collect multiple streams originating elsewhere) and four outputs, linked through a vessel of variable volume. Several basic elements are linked together to form the overall system. All of the necessary properties can be defined so that the model allows the simulation of all features of the network: vessels, pipes, junctions, valves, levels and consistencies. A set of first order differential equations is solved which includes total water balance, species mass balances, derivatives of flow controller action, and derivatives of supervisory controller action. Supervisory controllers for consistency or level cascade onto flow controllers. Flow controllers manipulate valves which give a first-order dynamic response of actual flow. Where valves are manipulated directly by the supervisory level, the flow controller is effectively bypassed. This study involves a constraint problem around the blend chest, resulting in a loss of specification at the paper machine. This was solved by the implementation of a static optimiser. Its objective function penalizes deviations from setpoint of five parameters (ratios, consistency and level) using respective weight factors. Both the model and its optimiser were included in a simulator designed with the graphical user interface (GUI) of Matlab. The simulator has then been used to explore control performance over the operating range, by means of a set of scenarios. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.