No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

M.S.

Wood pulp mill effluents continue to attract much attention due to environmental consequences. However, in comparison, very little work has been published on wood pulp extracts themselves. In this investigation, chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulps as well as Kraft (BKP) pulps were Soxhlet extracted with solvents of different polarity. These two types of pulp extracts were then compared qualitatively using GC-FID and GC-MSD as well as quantitatively based on the percent of extractives obtained. For all the pulps studied, the percent extractives of water > ethyl acetate > cyclohexane. The CTMP extracts exhibited many more components as compared to BKP extracts for all the extractions solvents. The presence of trace chlorinated phenolics in the above wood pulp extracts was also addressed utilizing GC-ECD, GC-EIMS and GC-NCIMS. 4-MCG, 4,5-DCG, 4,5,6-TCG, 3,4,5-TCG, 2,4,6- TCP, 2,3,4,6-TeCP, PCP and 6-MCVN were discovered. Due to a lack of knowledge of the complete history of the wood pulps studied, the exact causes for their discoveries are unknown. Attempts were also made to study the feasibility of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of the above mentioned wood pulps due to the difficulties faced with Soxhlet extractions. The percent extractives obtained using SF-CO₂ and cyclohexane were found to be comparable. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if high loadings of semi-chemical pulp mill waste could be processed in a pilot plant by anaerobic digestion. / Master of Science

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the use of NUCHAR activated carbon and aluminum sulfate as agents for removing a significant amount of color V from the caustic extraction waste of a sulfate pulp process. After a thorough search of the related literature was completed, experimental tests were conducted using activated carbon and aluminum sulfate. Fourteen tests employing activated carbon were made at 25 °C, pH values of waste ranging from 3 to 11.4, carbon content of 0.1 and 0.3 gram per 100 milliliters of waste, and stirring times of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. Treatment of the waste with aluminum sulfate was s conducted at temperatures of 25, 60, 61, and 62 °C, pH values of waste of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and alum additions of 0.6, 0.0, 1.2, and 1.5 grams alum per liter of undiluted waste, Stirring time for these e treatments was 5 minutes at 75 revolutions per minute and 25 minutes at 45 revolutions per minute. Filtration of the sludge from alum coagulation of the caustic waste was performed through a sand bed and by vacuum through filter aid. Filtration through filter aid indicates a greater possibility of development into a workable process. It was concluded from this investigation that NUGHAR CEE-N activated carbon will not remove a significant amount of color free the caustic waste at the above conditions, but alum coagulation of the waste at pH of 6, temperature of 25 °C„ alum dosage of 1.5 gram per liter of waste, and stirring of 5 minutes and 25 minutes at 75 and 45 revolutions per minute, respectively, will decrease the color content of the waste approximately 90 per cent. / Master of Science

Coagulation studies were conducted to determine an appropriate treatment approach to remove color and organic carbon from the pulp and paper wastes from the Union Camp Corporation, Franklin, Va. Based on a preliminary analysis of the data collected during this research, either alum or ferric chloride may be used to remove color from pulp and paper wastes. An effluent with final residual color less than 5 color units can be generated using PAC treatment after flocculating certain waste streams with alum or ferric chloride. Higher molecular weight organics (above 5K mass units) showed a near complete removal by coagulation. It is expected that alum coagulation would involve a lesser cost in pH adjustment as compared to ferric chloride coagulation. Alum sludge dewatered and thickened more rapidly than the iron sludge; however, after mechanical dewatering, the alum cake had a slightly greater moisture content than the sludge produced after ferric chloride coagulation. / Master of Science

A comparison of the physical and mechanical properties of paper obtained from pulps beaten ultrasonically and mechanically was made at different Canadian standard freeness levels. / Master of Science

Of all industrial wastes that are discharged into streams, the one that probably causes the most trouble is the waste discharge of pulp mills. The waste quite frequently pollutes streams, principally because it has a high oxygen demand. In satisfying this demand, the dissolved oxygen content of the stream may be lowered to such an extent that it will not support fish life or prevent the occurrence of nuisances. The object of this investigation was to try to satisfy at least a part of this oxygen demand of semi-chemical kraft pulping waste before the waste is discharged into streams. The waste used in this investigation was prepared from a pulping mixture obtained from the Big Island, Virginia, mill of the National Container Corporation, and as prepared, had a total solids content of 2574 to 3591 p.p.m. The investigation was carried out by aerating the waste with and without the addition of chemical oxidizing agents and biological seeds. The results of this investigation show that the 5-day B.O.D. of semi-chemical kraft pulping waste was lowered from 24 to 31 percent by forty-eight hours of aeration at 20°C. without the addition of chemical oxidizing agents or biological seeds. A 40.5 percent reduction in the B.O.D. was obtained by the addition of sodium nitrate in the concentration of 20.0 p.p.m. of nitrogen. When the sodium nitrate concentration was increased to 100.0 p.p.m. of nitrogen, a 43.3 per cent reduction in the B.O.D. was obtained. The additions of sodium bichromate, in concentrations of 0.4 and 20.0 p.p.m. of Cr, and ferric chloride, in concentrations of 0.4 and 20.0 p.p.m. of Fe, did not aid in reducing the 5-day B.O.D. of the waste. Reductions up to 41.4 per cent were obtained with the addition of biological seeds to the waste. An average of 10 percent reduction in the total solids of the waste was obtained with forty-eight hours of aeration with and without the addition of chemical oxidizing agents and biological seeds. / M.S.