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This study is concerned with the compositional analysis of Roman and early post-Roman glass from both domestic assemblages and the remains derived from glass working and producing sites in Britain, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICPS). Samples analysed were from glassworking waste from Mancetter (midsecond century), Leicester (third century) and Worcester (first to third centuries), glass production debris, probably manufactured from the raw materials, in conjuncton with a domestic assemblage, from Coppergate (first to fourth centuries, or possibly later), and a domestic assemblage from Fishergate (spanning both the Roman and immediate post- Roman periods). All the glass analysed was shown to be of a typical and uniform soda-limesilica composition, except for a small number of vessel fragments from York which were higher in calcium. Any compositional differences between blue-green glasses typologically dated either to the Roman or Saxon periods, were found not to be consistent. Analysis of the colourless glass showed that the majority appeared to be actively decolorized using antimony, in conjunction with apparent differences in the compositions of the raw materials, when compared to glass of the same date in other colours. Compositional differences between melted waste from Mancetter, Leicester and Worcester, were apparent, but not to an extent which allowed characterization to be successful. Analysis of glassmelting pots from Coppergate showed some high temperature glassworking (and possibly glassmaking) could have occurred. Other debris, thought to be indicative of glassmaking was also analysed and compared to the composition of the Roman domestic assemblage.

The history of English rural society in the Middle Ages generally is written on the basis of records produced by manorial lords which register the dues and obligations of tenants as well as changes in holdings, fines and other legal transactions which touch on the lives of the villagers. This thesis is a critical study of the potential uses of a group of such sources for an historical "reconstruction" of medieval rural conditions. The records under review refer to Ombersley, a Midlands manor belonging to the Benedictine abbey of Evesham, and cover the period of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. While by no means complete, they have survived to an extent that a special study of their value and the problems connected with them is warranted. A brief introduction on the geographic and settlement conditions of the manor (Ch. 1) is followed by a survey of the quality and quantity of the collection of Ombersley account rolls, court records and rentals, summarized in a calendar (Ch. 2 and Appendix). Recent works on the "reconstitution" of medieval rural communities have raised a number of questions on the use of such records; the present thesis attempts to focus this discussion to the use and misuse of rentals (surveys). The importance of this type of document in the study of population trends, land distribution and related aspects of manorial life derives from its wealth of detail. However, owing to their seigneurial point of view and "static" character, rentals are not as reliable as often assumed. The problems connected with them are discussed and illustrated by an analysis of two extensive rentals of Ombersley, presented in an annotated tabulation, combining their data with those extracted from court rolls and other manorial records (Ch. 3). These juxtapositions enable us to date these and other surveys correctly and to identify the "careers" of a good number of individuals and families on the manor. Based on the critical evaluation of these interrelated sources, a summary of the major demographic and economic trends is offered for the two centuries under review, including calculations of the manor's population, mortality rate, reproductive capacity and its economic development as reflected in the payment of different seigneurial dues. Bearing in mind some of the common pitfalls of generalization, I plan to use these data as a basis for monographic treatment of social stratification and other details in Ombersley's history. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This study is concerned with the compositional analysis of Roman and early post-Roman glass from both domestic assemblages and the remains derived from glass working and producing sites in Britain, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICPS). Samples analysed were from glassworking waste from Mancetter (midsecond century), Leicester (third century) and Worcester (first to third centuries), glass production debris, probably manufactured from the raw materials, in conjuncton with a domestic assemblage, from Coppergate (first to fourth centuries, or possibly later), and a domestic assemblage from Fishergate (spanning both the Roman and immediate post- Roman periods). All the glass analysed was shown to be of a typical and uniform soda-limesilica composition, except for a small number of vessel fragments from York which were higher in calcium. Any compositional differences between blue-green glasses typologically dated either to the Roman or Saxon periods, were found not to be consistent. Analysis of the colourless glass showed that the majority appeared to be actively decolorized using antimony, in conjunction with apparent differences In the compositions of the raw materials, when compared to glass of the same date in other 0 colours. Compositional differences between melted waste from Mancetter, Leicester and Worcester, were apparent, but not to an extent which allowed characterization to be successful. Analysis of glassmelting pots from Coppergate showed some high temperature glassworking (and possibly glassmaking) could have occurred. Other debris, thought to be indicative of glassmaking was also analysed and compared to the composition of the Roman domestic assemblage.