Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington. / Bibliography: l. [109]-111.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1934. / Cover title. "Reprinted from the Physical review, vol. 46, no. 10, November 15, 1934."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1930. / From Physical review, v. 36, Aug. 15, 1930.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Michigan, 1928. / "Reprinted from Physical Review ... vol. 30, no. 5, November, 1927." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Michigan, 1928. / "Reprinted from Physical Review ... vol. 30, no. 5, November, 1927."

Dans le domaine des couches minces (épaisseur~Å) associant un métal magnétique (Fe, Co, Ni) et un élément non magnétique (essentiellement métallique ou isolant), de remarquables propriétés physiques (aimantation, transport) nécessitent des caractérisations structurales fines. En particulier, citons le cas de jonctions tunnel (métal/isolant/métal) à aimantation perpendiculaire qui sont en cours d'étude au laboratoire Spintec (UMR8191 (CEA/CNRS/UJF). Ces nanomatériaux sont déposés par voie physique (pulvérisation cathodique) au sein de ce laboratoire. Ces nanostructures sont également sondées par diffraction aux rayons X au sein de l'Institut Néel (UPR 2940) via une collaboration entre Spintec et une équipe de cet Institut (Surface, interfaces et nanostructures du Département MCMF, Matière Condensée, Matériaux, et Fonctions). Ces mesures de réflectivité X constituent la sonde privilégiée de choix dans la cadre de cette thèse. D'autres voies sont également exploitées: à l'aide des moyens de rayonnement synchrotron tels que la spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X : EXAFS, XANES et XMCD. La thèse aura pour but d'étudier expérimentalement ces phénomènes en couches continues sur ces empilements à jonction tunnel avec aimantation perpendiculaire. Plus précisément, le travail de thèse permettra de comprendre les mesures magnétiques (effectuées à l'institut Néel notamment par magnétométrie SQUID et HALL à basse température) grâce à une batterie de mesures structurales (diffraction aux rayons X, rasant, figures de pôles, réflectivité, absorption X ...). Notamment, l'influence des paramètres de dépôt (types de couches, épaisseurs, recuits) du matériau sont étudiées via la collaboration entre les différents groupes de recherche précédemment cités. Cette thématique s'inscrit d'une part dans le cadre de travaux menés à Spintec et dédiés à la recherche de nouveaux matériaux à forte valeur ajoutée industrielle (sur le stockage d'information à ultrahaute densité sur media discrets par exemple). Elle s'inscrit d'autre part dans le renforcement de liens entre recherches fondamentales (laboratoire propre du CNRS comme l'institut Néel) et appliquées (CEA), avec un recours aux solides compétences en caractérisations structurales et magnétiques de l'Institut Néel.

Orientador: Carlos Manuel Giles Antunez de Mayolo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mardegan_JoseRenatoLinares_D.pdf: 36952737 bytes, checksum: f4575564084534b7dbe8742d9ea0a7b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta tese foram investigados as propriedades eletrônicas e magnéticas de diversos compostos que apresentam suas estruturas formadas por gaiolas na qual estas apresentam átomos hospedes no seu interior. Os compostos estudados foram o clatrato tipo-I Eu8Ga16Ge30, o composto fase cúbica de Remeika Eu3Ir4Sn13 e por m os compostos de GdT2Zn20 com T = Fe e Co. As propriedades destes materiais foram investigadas através do uso de medidas macroscópicas como resistividade elétrica, susceptibilidade magnética e também por medidas microscópicas como técnicas de absorção e espalhamento de raios-X e difração de nêutrons. O clarão Eu8Ga16Ge30, formado por dois tipos de gaiolas (X20 - dodecaedral e X24 - tetrakaidecaedral), foi principalmente investigado por difração e absorção de raios-X. Essas técnicas foram conciliadas com a aplicação de altas pressões na qual observou-se uma transição de fase irreversível cristalina-amorfa ao redor de Pa = 18 GPa. Concomitantemente a mudança estrutural, observou-se também através do dicroísmo circular magnético um colapso do ordenamento ferromagnético (FM) sob pressão. A diminuição do sinal magnético em altas pressões pode ser explicado por um estado paramagnético ou de "spin glass\", já que o íon de Eu permanece com valência 2+. Essa transição de fase estrutural foi vinculada a uma instabilidade mecânica das gaiolas devido a anisotropia criada pelo o íon hospede de Eu que esta deslocado cerca de 0.44 A do centro da gaiola X24. Além disso, a baixa pressão para que o material se transforme amorfo (~18 GPa) em comparação com outros clatratos isoestruturais confirma que o íon hospede no interior das gaiolas tem um forte papel na instabilidade mecânica das gaiolas. A estrutura e o magnetismo do composto tipo fase cúbica de Remeika Eu3Ir4Sn13 foi investigada através do uso do espalhamento de raios-X e nêutrons. A partir dos dados de espalhamento pudemos determinar que a anomalia ocorrida em T* ~ 57.1K observada no calor especifico e na resistividade elétrica e originaria de uma mudança estrutural. Esta distorção causa uma perda de simetria fazendo com que a nova célula unitária seja dobrada em duas direções, na qual pode-se observar picos com um vetor de propagação do tipo q = (0; 1/2 ; 1/2 ) em medidas com monocristais. A distorção estrutural está relacionada com uma forte hibridização dos ons presentes na gaiola de Ir(Sn2)6 o que aumenta a densidade eletrônica mudando a banda próximo do nível de Fermi e é fortemente dependente do metal de transição presente na amostra. A estrutura magnética do composto foi investigada através da difração de nêutrons, na qual abaixo de TN = 10.1 K observaram-se picos magnéticos do tipo ? = (0; 1/ 2 ; 1 /2 ). Com o refinamento das reflexões magnéticas encontramos que os momentos magnéticos dos ons de Eu estão apontados ao longo das direções [110] e [111]. Os compostos cúbicos de GdT2Zn20 com T = Fe e Co também foram investigados a partir de técnicas de difração e absorção de raios-X. Esses materiais tem importantes propriedades e muitas delas são decorrentes das interações que ocorrem entre os elementos terras raras mediadas pelos metais de transição. Tanto os ons de Gd quanto os ons de Co e Fe têm seus primeiros e segundos vizinhos formados por Zn. O composto de GdCo2Zn20 apresentou uma transição de fase de um estado paramagnético (PM) para um estado antiferromagnético (AFM) com uma temperatura de Néel ao redor de TN = 5.72 K. Utilizando a técnica de espalhamento magnético ressonante nos determinamos que os momentos dos ons de Gd estão alinhados perpendicularmente a direção [111], i.e., a representação magnética ?5. Essa direção do momento magnético tem forte influência da simetria do cristal e do fato do Gd ter momento angular nulo. Quando o metal de transição foi substituído por T = Fe, o composto de GdFe2Zn20 apresentou um ordenamento FM com uma alta temperatura crítica ao redor de TC = 86 K. As medidas de dicroísmo circular magnético realizadas ao redor das bordas de absorção L\'s do elemento terra rara e ao redor da borda K dos metais de transição (Fe e Zn) revelaram que tanto os ons de Gd quanto os ons de Zn apresentam momento magnético, entretanto, nenhum sinal magnético foi observado nos ons de Fe. O sinal magnético na borda do Zn ocorre devido à forte polarização entre as bandas 4sp do Zn com as bandas 5spd do íon de Gd. Acreditamos que a alta temperatura de ordenamento observada no composto FM esta correlacionada com uma alta densidade de estados próximo ao nível de Fermi devido aos ons de Fe, já a indução do momento magnético nos ons de Zn se deve a uma forte interação de troca entre os ons de Gd que polariza o meio / Abstract: In this thesis we have investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of several compounds in which they have the structure compose by cages. The compounds studied in this work were the clathrate type-I Eu8Ga16Ge30, the Remeika cubic phase Eu3Ir4Sn13 and the compounds GdT2Zn20 with T = Fe and Co. The electronic and magnetic properties of these materials were investigated using macroscopic measurements such as electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as microscopic techniques, such as X-ray absorption and scattering, and also neutron diffraction. The clathrate compound Eu8Ga16Ge30 formed by two types of cages (X20 ¿ dodecahedral X24 - tetrakaidecahedral) was mainly investigated by diffraction and X-rays absorption measurements. To better understand the eletronic and magnetic properties, the compound was investigated under high pressure in which we observed an irreversible crystalline-amorphous phase transition around Pa = 18 GPa. Simultaneously with structural change, it was observed by magnetic circular dichroism a collapse of the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering. This phase transition was associated with a mechanical instability in the cages due to an anisotropy created by the Eu ions rattling and displaced o center. Furthermore, this low pressure amorphization for the Eu8Ga16Ge30 compared with other isostructural clathrate compound confirms that the guest ion inside the cages has a strong role in the electronic and magnetic properties. The structure and magnetism of the Remeika cubic phase Eu3Ir4Sn13 was investigated by X-rays and neutrons scattering measurements. From these measurements we gured out that the anomaly at T 57.1 K observed in the specific heat and electrical resistivity measurements is related to a structural distortion. This distortion causes a loss of symmetry, in which one can observe new structural reflections with a propagation vector type q = (0; 1/2 ; 1/2 ). The structural distortion is related to a strong hybridization between the Ir and Sn2 ions in the Ir(Sn2)6 cages. This hybridization increases the electronic density of states near the Fermi level and it is strongly dependent on the transition metal. The magnetic structure was investigated by neutron diffraction, in which we observed magnetic Bragg peaks with a propagation vector type ? = (0; 1/2 ; 1/2 ) below TN = 10.1 K. Using several magnetic reflections we can determine the magnetic structure. From the refinement we found that the magnetic moments of Eu ions are pointing out along the [110] and [111] directions. The GdT2Zn20 cubic compound with T = Fe and Co were also investigated with diffraction and X-rays absorption measurements. These two compounds have interesting properties and many of them are due to the rare earth and transition metals elements are immersed in a sea of Zn ions. Both rare earth as well as the transition metals (Co and Fe) have the first and second neighbors formed by Zn ions. The GdCo2Zn20 compound showed a phase transition from a paramagnetic state (PM) to an antiferromagnetic state (AFM) with a Neel temperature around TN ~ 5.72 = K. Using x-ray resonant magnetic scattering technique we solved the magnetic structure and we found the magnetic moments of the Gd ions aligned perpendicular to the [111] direction, i.e., IR ?5. When the transition metal was replaced by T = Fe, the GdFe2Zn20 compound has a FM ordering with a remarkably high-temperature ferromagnetic (TC = 86 K) state. The X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements performed at the L2;3 absorption edges of the rare earth element and at the Fe and Zn K edges showed that only the Gd and Zn carry magnetic moment in this compound. The magnetic signal at the Zn K edge is due to the strong hybridization between the Zn 4sp states with the Gd 5d states. We believe that the high ordering temperature is related to a high density of states near the Fermi level and the magnetic moment induced at the Zn ions is due to the strong interaction among the Gd ions / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Dans le domaine des couches minces (épaisseur~Å) associant un métal magnétique (Fe, Co, Ni) et un élément non magnétique (essentiellement métallique ou isolant), de remarquables propriétés physiques (aimantation, transport) nécessitent des caractérisations structurales fines. En particulier, citons le cas de jonctions tunnel (métal/isolant/métal) à aimantation perpendiculaire qui sont en cours d'étude au laboratoire Spintec (UMR8191 (CEA/CNRS/UJF). Ces nanomatériaux sont déposés par voie physique (pulvérisation cathodique) au sein de ce laboratoire. Ces nanostructures sont également sondées par diffraction aux rayons X au sein de l'Institut Néel (UPR 2940) via une collaboration entre Spintec et une équipe de cet Institut (Surface, interfaces et nanostructures du Département MCMF, Matière Condensée, Matériaux, et Fonctions). Ces mesures de réflectivité X constituent la sonde privilégiée de choix dans la cadre de cette thèse. D'autres voies sont également exploitées: à l'aide des moyens de rayonnement synchrotron tels que la spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X : EXAFS, XANES et XMCD. La thèse aura pour but d'étudier expérimentalement ces phénomènes en couches continues sur ces empilements à jonction tunnel avec aimantation perpendiculaire. Plus précisément, le travail de thèse permettra de comprendre les mesures magnétiques (effectuées à l'institut Néel notamment par magnétométrie SQUID et HALL à basse température) grâce à une batterie de mesures structurales (diffraction aux rayons X, rasant, figures de pôles, réflectivité, absorption X …). Notamment, l'influence des paramètres de dépôt (types de couches, épaisseurs, recuits) du matériau sont étudiées via la collaboration entre les différents groupes de recherche précédemment cités. Cette thématique s'inscrit d'une part dans le cadre de travaux menés à Spintec et dédiés à la recherche de nouveaux matériaux à forte valeur ajoutée industrielle (sur le stockage d'information à ultrahaute densité sur media discrets par exemple). Elle s'inscrit d'autre part dans le renforcement de liens entre recherches fondamentales (laboratoire propre du CNRS comme l'institut Néel) et appliquées (CEA), avec un recours aux solides compétences en caractérisations structurales et magnétiques de l'Institut Néel. / In the domain of thin film (thickness ~ Å) combining a magnetic metal (Fe, Co, Ni) and a non-magnetic (largely metal or insulator), remarkable physical properties (magnetization, transport) require fine structural characterization. In particular, include the case of tunnel junctions (metal / insulator / metal) with perpendicular magnetization which are being studied in the laboratory Spintec (UMR8191 (CEA / CNRS / UJF). These nanomaterials are deposited by physical (sputtering) in this laboratory. These nanostructures are probed by X-ray diffraction in the Neel Institute (UPR 2940) via collaboration between Spintec and a team of the Institute (Surface, Interfaces and Nanostructures Department MCFP, Condensed Matter Materials and Functions). These reflectivity measurements X are the preferred sensor of choice in the context of this thesis. Other routes are also used: using means such as synchrotron radiation absorption spectroscopy X-ray: EXAFS, XANES and XMCD. The thesis will aim to study these phenomena experimentally in continuous layers on the tunnel junction stacks with perpendicular magnetization. Specifically, the thesis will include the magnetic measurements (performed at the Institut Néel SQUID magnetometry including HALL and low temperature) through a battery of structural. This theme is part of a share in the context of work carried Spintec and dedicated to research of new materials with high added value industries (information storage on ultra-high density of discrete media for example). It registers on the other hand in strengthening links between basic research (CNRS own laboratories as Neel Institute) and applied (ECA), with strong skills in use of structural and magnetic characterization of the Institute Neel.